Chronic Lung Disease in Early Infancy

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ISBN: 9780824798710 | 0824798716
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/21/1999

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Presents the clinical & pathological features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a disease that accounts for the majority of long-term hospitalizations, slow growth, & recurrent early childhood respiratory ailments that are common in low-birth-weight newborns. Highlights relevant animal models for studying the process of chronic lung disease through its evolution & during recovery. Written by nearly 75 leading international authorities on lung disease during early childhood development.

Introduction

iii

Claude Lenfant

Preface

Contributors

vii

Part One CLINICAL ASPECTS

Historical Perspective: Early Observations and Subsequent Evolution of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

(20)

William H. Northway, Jr.

Introduction and Background

(1)

Historical Perspective

(3)

Early Observations

(3)

The Evolution of BPD

(13)

References

(7)

Epidemiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Clinical Risk Factors and Associated Clinical Conditions

(20)

Alma Martinez

Peter Dargaville

H. William Taeusch

Introduction

(1)

Major Perinatal Clinical Risk Factors for BPD

(7)

Clinical Risk Scoring Systems

(3)

Postnatal Factors That Affect BPD

(4)

Summary

(5)

References

(5)

Clinical Course and Lung Function Abnormalities During Development of Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease

(24)

Eduardo Bancalari

Alvaro Gonzalez

Introduction

(1)

Definition and Incidence

(1)

Clinical Presentation

(10)

Differential Diagnosis of CLD

(1)

Lung Function During Development of CLD

(3)

Therapeutic Interventions and Lung Function During Development of CLD

(8)

References

(6)

Radiographic Features of BPD and Potential Application of New Imaging Techniques

(20)

David K. Edwards

William H. Northway, Jr.

Introduction

(1)

The Radiographic Progression of BPD

(3)

BPD as a Chronic Lung Disease

(4)

New Imaging Techniques

(2)

Potential Applications

(11)

References

(6)

Pathology of Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy

(40)

Jacqueline J. Coalson

Introduction

(1)

Comparison of Classic BPD Pathology with BPD Pathology in the 1990s

(15)

Major Differences in ``Old'' BPD Versus ``New'' BPD Pathology: Airway and Interstitial Disease

101

(7)

Alveolar Hypoplasia and Vascular Dysmorphic Changes: The Consistent Findings in New BPD

108

(6)

Pathogenesis of BPD in the 1990s

114

(3)

Summary

117

(8)

References

118

(7)

The Usefulness of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Infants with Evolving Chronic Lung Disease

125

(22)

Carl W. White

Leland L. Fan

Introduction

125

(1)

General Considerations

126

(6)

Inflammation: Marker or Protagonist of Injury?

132

(7)

Clinical Usefulness of BAL in BPD

139

(1)

Conclusion

140

(7)

References

141

(6)

Inflammatory Mediators in Neonatal Lung Disease

147

(16)

Christian P. Speer

Peter Groneck

Introduction

147

(1)

Neutrophils and Macrophages

148

(1)

Neutrophil and Macrophage Recruitment

149

(1)

Cytokines

150

(2)

Elastolytic Damage

152

(1)

Inflammatory Mediators and Pulmonary Infections

153

(1)

Pulmonary Protein Leaks

154

(1)

Oxygen Toxicity

155

(1)

Conclusions and Outlook

156

(7)

References

157

(6)

Infection in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

163

(10)

William E. Benitz

Ann M. Arvin

Introduction

163

(1)

Epidemiological Correlations

164

(3)

Pathogenetic Mechanisms

167

(6)

References

169

(4)

Ventilation Strategies and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

173

(36)

W. Alan Hodson

Introduction

173

(1)

Barotrauma Versus Volutrauma

174

(2)

Site of Pathology and Ventilatory Strategy

176

(5)

Modes of Conventional Ventilators

181

(2)

High-Frequency Ventilation

183

(3)

Strategies to Minimize Barotrauma

186

(6)

Liquid Ventilation

192

(3)

Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

195

(1)

Other Forms of Respiratory Support

196

(2)

Future Needs

198

(1)

Summary

199

(10)

References

200

(9)

Effect of Respiratory Care Practices on the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

209

(28)

Michael R. Gomez

Thomas N. Hansen

Introduction

209

(1)

Gas Temperature and Humidity

210

(19)

Aspiration

229

(3)

Conclusions

232

(5)

References

233

(4)

Influence of Surfactant Replacement on Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

237

(20)

Alan H. Jobe

Statement of the Question

237

(1)

Review of the Clinical Data

238

(3)

Why Should Surfactant Treatments Decrease BPD?

241

(5)

Why Surfactant Treatment Might Not Affect the Incidence of BPD

246

(5)

Summary

251

(6)

References

252

(5)

Drug Treatment for Established BPD

257

(28)

Thomas A. Hazinski

Introduction

257

(2)

Oxygen Therapy

259

(1)

Diuretic Therapy

260

(4)

Inhaled Bronchodilator Therapy

264

(3)

Anti-Inflammatory Therapy

267

(2)

Nutrition Therapy

269

(3)

Other Drug Treatments for BPD

272

(1)

Future Research Directions

273

(2)

Summary

275

(10)

References

276

(9)

Nutritional Issues in Chronic Lung Disease of Premature Infants

285

(12)

Ilene R.S. Sosenko

Michael T. Kinter

Robert J. Roberts

Introduction

285

(1)

Negative Influence of General Undernutrition and Protein Malnutrition on Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury

286

(1)

Lipid and Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury: Helpful or Harmful?

287

(4)

Influence of Additional Nutrients (Inositol, Selenium, and Vitamin A) on Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury

291

(2)

Conclusion

293

(4)

References

293

(4)

Pulmonary Function in BPD and Its Aftermath

297

(24)

Eric C. Eichenwald

Ann R. Stark

Introduction

297

(1)

Clinical Evaluation of Infants and Children with BPD

298

(1)

Growth Failure in Infants with BPD

299

(1)

Exacerbations with Intercurrent Illness

300

(1)

Techniques, Interpretation, and Limits of Pulmonary Function Testing in Infants with BPD

301

(5)

Pulmonary Function in BPD: Infancy and Beyond

306

(7)

Conclusions and Future Directions

313

(8)

References

314

(7)

Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

321

(36)

Michael Apkon

Rodrigo A. Nehgme

George Lister

Introduction

321

(2)

Disturbances in Cardiovascular Function

323

(13)

Therapeutic Strategies

336

(10)

Summary

346

(11)

References

346

(11)

Long-Term Recovery from Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

357

(10)

Solomon Alkrinawi

Victor Chernick

Introduction

357

(2)

Physical Examination

359

(1)

Pulmonary Function

359

(2)

Airway Hyperreactivity

361

(1)

Radiographic Study of the Chest

362

(2)

Concluding Remarks

364

(3)

References

364

(3)

The Goal: Prevention of BPD

367

(10)

Mildred T. Stahlman

Introduction

367

(2)

Predisposing Factors

369

(8)

References

374

(3)

Part Two NORMAL AND ABNORMAL ALVEOLAR AND AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT

Unique Features of the Immature Lung That Make It Vulnerable to Injury

377

(28)

Scott H. Randell

Stephen L. Young

Introduction

377

(1)

The Airways

378

(9)

The Parenchyma

387

(18)

References

396

(9)

Hormonal Effects on Lung Maturation and Disease

405

(26)

Philip L. Ballard

Roberta A. Ballard

Introduction

405

(1)

Prental Corticosteroid Therapy and Newborn Lung Disease

406

(2)

Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Lung Maturation

408

(1)

Combined Glucocorticoid and Thyroid Hormone Treatment

409

(10)

Clinical Trials of Antenatal Corticosteroid Plus TRH Therapy

419

(3)

Summary

422

(9)

References

423

(8)

Mechanisms and Physiological Sequelae of Reactive Species Injury to the Alveolar Epithelium

431

(26)

Imad Y. Haddad

Sha Zhu

Samuel J. Tilden

Sadis Matalon

Introduction and Purpose

431

(1)

Structure of the Newborn and Adult Alveolar Epithelium

432

(1)

Oxidant Stress in the Developing Lung

433

(1)

Biology of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

434

(5)

NO-Derived Effects on the Alveolar Epithelium

439

(10)

Lesson from Basic Research: Development of Rational Therapeutic Interventions to Limit Oxidant Injury

449

(8)

References

450

(7)

Surfactant in Chronic Lung Injury

457

(22)

Richard J. King

Samuel Hawgood

Introduction

457

(1)

Composition and Functions of Pulmonary Surfactant

458

(4)

Experimental Studies on Surfactant in Chronic Lung Injury

462

(7)

Involvement of Surfactant in Patients with Chronic Lung Injury

469

(2)

Conclusions

471

(8)

References

472

(7)

The Regulation of the Formation of Pulmonary Alveoli

479

(14)

Donald J. Massaro

Gloria D. Massaro

Introduction

479

(1)

Architectural Maturation of the Lung's Gas-Exchange Region: From Saccules to Alveoli

480

(1)

Formation of Alveoli

481

(7)

Relation of Experimental Work to the Lung and Its Development in Prematurely Born Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

488

(5)

References

489

(4)

Factors Mediating Cell Growth in Lung Injury

493

(42)

A. Keith Tanswell

Shilpa Buch

Mingyao Liu

Martin Post

Introduction

493

(1)

Regulation of Cell Division

494

(4)

Regulation of Normal Lung Growth by Growth Factors

498

(5)

The Influence of Physical Factors on Lung Cell Growth

503

(3)

The Influence of Oxygen on Lung Cell Growth

506

(3)

Epithelial--Mesenchymal Interactions in Lung Injury

509

(1)

Specific Growth Factors in Lung Injury

510

(3)

Problems of Interpretation

513

(1)

Foci for Future Research

514

(21)

References

515

(20)

Developmental Airway Structure and Function in Health and Chronic Lung Injury

535

(34)

Howard B. Panitch

Thomas H. Shaffer

Introduction

535

(1)

Developmental Morphology

536

(11)

Functional Characteristics of the Immature Airway

547

(8)

Clinical Assessment of Airway Function

555

(6)

Summary

561

(8)

References

562

(7)

Part Three NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LUNG CIRCULATION AND INTERSTITIUM

Lung Development and the Effects of Chronic Hypoxia

569

(28)

Sheila G. Haworth

Introduction

569

(1)

Normal Development of the Human Lung

569

(10)

Effect of Chronic Hypoxia on Lung Development

579

(10)

The Future: Where Do We Go from Here?

589

(8)

References

591

(6)

Altered Development of the Pulmonary Circulation in Chronic Lung Injury

597

(22)

Marlene Rabinovitch

Introduction

597

(1)

Structural Changes in Pulmonary Arteries

598

(1)

Acute and Chronic Infection

598

(11)

Hypoxia

609

(1)

Oxygen Toxicity and Barotrauma

610

(1)

High Flow and Pressure

610

(4)

Chronic Lung Injury: Questions to Be Solved

614

(5)

References

614

(5)

Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy: Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

619

(50)

Steven H. Abman

Introduction

619

(2)

Perinatal Pulmonary Circulation: Developmental Aspects

621

(5)

Effects of Lung Injury on the Developing Pulmonary Circulation

626

(7)

Pulmonary Hypertension in Premature Neonates with Severe RDS

633

(3)

Pulmonary Hypertension in CLD of Infancy

636

(13)

Conclusions and Future Directions

649

(20)

References

650

(19)

Connective Tissues in Lung Development and Diseases in Early Infancy

669

(42)

David J. Riley

Introduction

669

(1)

Extracellular Matrix: General

670

(15)

ECM Proteins in Lung Development

685

(3)

Connective Tissue Changes in Lung Diseases of Early Infancy

688

(7)

Future Directions

695

(16)

References

697

(14)

Pulmonary Edema After Premature Birth: Progression from Acute to Chronic Lung Disease

711

(38)

Richard D. Bland

David P. Carlton

Introduction

711

(2)

Lung Fluid Balance During Fetal Development

713

(5)

Postnatal Lung Fluid Balance

718

(17)

Lingering Questions

735

(14)

References

737

(12)

Part Four MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY AND REPAIR DURING DEVELOPMENT

Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury

749

(30)

Charles Vincent Smith

Stephen E. Welty

Introduction

749

(1)

Possible Roles of Hyperoxic Lung Injury in CLD

750

(3)

Reactive Oxygen Species in Hyperoxic Lung Injury

753

(1)

Biomarkers of Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems

754

(14)

Roles of Iron Metabolism in Reactive Oxygen-Mediated Tissue Injury

768

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

769

(10)

References

769

(10)

Assessment of Tissue Injury from Reactive Oxygen Metabolites

779

(14)

Michael J. Thomas

Timothy W. Robinson amd

Henry Jay Forman

Introduction

779

(4)

Methods

783

(3)

Future Directions

786

(7)

References

786

(7)

Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy: Role of Neutrophils

793

(20)

Diane E. Lorant

Kurt Albertine

John F. Bohnsack

Introduction

793

(1)

Mechanisms of Neutrophil-Mediated Injury and Recruitment to the Lung

793

(3)

Pathological and Clinical Studies of Neutrophil Involvement in BPD

796

(5)

The Role of Neutrophils in Animal Models of BPD

801

(3)

Conclusions

804

(9)

References

806

(7)

The Role of Pulmonary Macrophages in Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy

813

(28)

Michael P. Sherman

William E. Truog

Introduction

813

(1)

Emergence of Pulmonary Macrophage Populations and the Pathophysiology of CLD of Early Infancy

814

(2)

The Role of Pulmonary Macrophages and Lung Infection in the Pathophysiology of CLD of Early Infancy

816

(6)

Interactions of Lung Macrophages with Other Pulmonary Cells by Direct Cell-to-Cell Communication and Secretory Activity

822

(8)

Limitations to the Study of Alveolar Macrophages in CLD of Early Infancy and Future Directions

830

(11)

References

832

(9)

Oxidants and Antioxidants: What Role Do They Play in Chronic Lung Disease?

841

(18)

H. Lee Frank

Ilene R.S. Sosenko

Introduction

841

(1)

General Principles of Oxidants and Antioxidants

842

(3)

Evidence Linking Oxygen Radicals and CLD

845

(1)

Development of the AOE System in the Fetal Lung

845

(2)

Vulnerability of the premature Infant Relative to Antioxidant Defenses

847

(2)

Experimental and Potential Therapeutic Modification of Antioxidant Defenses

849

(3)

Oxygen Toxicity, Antioxidant Enzymes, and CLD: Unanswered Questions and Future Clinical Applications

852

(7)

References

853

(6)

Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Inhibitors in Lung Health and Disease

859

(24)

John R. Hoidal

Mari K. Hoidal

Introduction

859

(1)

Classification of Proteases

860

(3)

Control of Proteolytic Enzymes

863

(5)

Functions of Proteolytic Enzymes

868

(2)

Proteases and Pulmonary Diseases

870

(2)

Proteases and Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy

872

(1)

What Lies Ahead?

873

(10)

References

875

(8)

Site- and Mechanism-Directed Interventions for Tissue Free Radical Injury

883

(28)

William R. Berrington

Margaret M. Tarpey

Bruce A. Freeman

Bruce R. Pitt

Introduction

883

(1)

Oxidant-Protective Reactions of Nitric Oxide

884

(6)

Targeting Catalytic Radical Scavengers to the Extracellular Compartment

890

(4)

Targeting Catalytic Radical Scavengers to the Intracellular Compartment

894

(4)

Gene Therapy Strategies for Enhancing Pulmonary Antioxidant Defenses

898

(2)

Summary

900

(11)

References

901

(10)

Part Five MODELS OF LUNG INJURY AND REPAIR DURING DEVELOPMENT

Genetic Models for the Study of Autocrine-Paracrine Signaling in Lung Development and Repair

911

(16)

Jeffrey A. Whitsett

Thomas R. Korfhagen

Introduction

911

(1)

Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors

912

(5)

TGF-α and EGF-R Signaling and Pulmonary Fibrosis and Airspace Remodeling

917

(6)

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

923

(1)

Summary

924

(3)

References

924

(3)

Animal Models of Chronic Lung Injury

927

(30)

Jacqueline J. Coalson

Steven R. Seidner

Robert A. De Lemos

Introduction

927

(1)

What Is the Human Disease That Needs to Be Modeled?

928

(1)

Contributors to the Development of BPD

929

(12)

Potential Uses of Transgenic Models for Future Studies

941

(4)

Summary and Future Needs

945

(12)

References

946

(11)

Author Index

957

(86)

Subject Index

1043

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Chronic Lung Disease in Early Infancy

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