The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection

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ISBN: 9780393975550 | 039397555X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/7/2001

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Particular attention is paid to social history; coverage ofthe experience of African Americans, women, and non-elites provides awell-rounded picture of the period. Substantial selections, carefulediting, and helpful annotations make this collection an idealsupplement for your course on the Civil War and Reconstruction.

Preface

xvii

Part 1: The Sectional Conflict

The North and South Contrasted

The Rush of Life in New York City (1857)

(1)

Aleksandr Borisovich Lakier

Anonymous, the Manufacturing City of Lowell (1847)

(1)

I Will Be Heard (1831)

(2)

William Lloyd Garrison

Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Convention (1833)

(2)

The South's Lack of a Spirit of Progress (1861)

(2)

Frederick Law Olmsted

We Are an Agricultural People (1861)

(1)

Louis T. Wigfall

Slavery Impedes the Progress and Prosperity of the South (1857)

(2)

Hinton Rowan Helper

Why Non-Slaveholders Should Support Slavery (1861)

(2)

J. D. B. De Bow

Anonymous, A Traveler Describes the Lives of Non-Slaveholders in Georgia (1849)

(2)

Slavery is the Cause of Civilization (1838)

(3)

William Harper

The New Orleans Slave Mart (1853)

(2)

Solomon Northup

Frederick Douglass Fights a Slave-Breaker (1845)

(4)

The House Dividing

I Plead the Cause of White Freemen (1847)

(1)

David Wilmot

The South is at Your Mercy (1847)

(1)

Howell Cobb

The Cords of Union Are Snapping One by One (1850)

(2)

John C. Calhoun

I Speak Today for the Preservation of the Union (1850)

(2)

Daniel Webster

Appeal of the Independent Democrats (1854)

(2)

New York Times, the Causes of the Know-Nothing Movement (1854)

(2)

Mobile Register, the South Asks Only for Equal Rights in the Territories (1856)

(1)

New York Evening, Are We Too Slaves? (1856)

(2)

Richmond Enquirer, They Must Be Lashed into Submission (1856)

(1)

Rules against Dred Scott (1857)

(2)

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney

Dissents in the Dred Scott Case (1857)

(3)

Associate Justice Benjamin R. Curtis

Cotton is King (1858)

(1)

James Henry Hammond

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

(4)

The Freeport Doctrine (1858)

(1)

Addresses the Court (1859)

(1)

John Brown

Richmond Enquirer, the Harpers Ferry Invasion Has Advanced the Cause of Disunion (1859)

(1)

I Have Seen Nothing Like the Intensity of Feeling (1859)

(3)

Charles Eliot Norton

The Road to War

The South Must Strike while There is Yet Time (1860)

(1)

Robert Toombs

Lincoln's Election Does Not Justify Secession (1860)

(2)

Alexander H. Stephens

South Carolina Justifies Secession (1860)

(2)

I Hold That the Union is Perpetual (1861)

(3)

Abraham Lincoln

The Outbreak of War Galvanizes New York City (1861)

(2)

George Templeton Strong

The Popular Mood in Charleston at the Start of the Civil War (1861)

(4)

William Howard Russell

Part 2: The Civil War

The War Begins

Slavery is the Cornerstone of the Confederacy (1861)

(1)

Alexander H. Stephens

Our Cause is Just (1861)

(2)

Jefferson Davis

This is a People's Contest (1861)

(2)

Abraham Lincoln

The Resources of the Union and the Confederacy (1861)

(1)

Calls for Troops (1861)

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Institutes a Blockade of the Confederacy (1861)

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Kentucky Declares Its Neutrality (1861)

(1)

The Raccoon Roughs Go to War (1903)

(1)

John B. Gordon

The London Times Foresees a Confederate Victory in the War (1861)

(2)

The Military Struggle, 1861--1862

The Anaconda Plan (1861)

(1)

Winfield Scott

The Most Shameful Rout You Can Conceive Of (1861)

(2)

Lyman Trumbull

I Have Become the Power in the Land (1861)

(1)

George McClellan

The President is Nothing More Than a Well Meaning Baboon (1861)

(1)

George McClellan

Explains His Ideas on Military Strategy (1862)

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

An lowa Soldier ``Sees the Elephant'' at Shiloh (1862)

(3)

Cyrus F. Boyd

I Gave Up All Idea of Saving the Union Except by Complete Conquest (1885)

(1)

Ulysses S. Grant

But You Must Act (1862)

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

You Have Done Your Best to Sacrifice This Army (1862)

(1)

George McClellan

The War Should Be Conducted upon the Highest Principles of Christian Civilization (1862)

(2)

George McClellan

Adopts Harsher Policies against Southern Civilians (1862)

(2)

John Pope

Authorizes the Army to Seize Private Property in the Confederacy (1862)

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Proposes to Invade the North (1862)

100

(1)

Robert E. Lee

General Edward Alexander Criticizes Lee at Antietam (1899)

101

(2)

The Most Dreadful Slaughter (1890)

103

(2)

Rufus R. Dawes

Harper's Weekly, Northern Despair after the Battle of Fredericksburg (1862)

105

(2)

The Naval War

The Monitor Challenges the Merrimack (1862)

107

(1)

G. J. Van Burnt

The United States Navy Blockades the Confederacy (1898)

108

(3)

Horatio Wait

Aboard a Blockade-Runner (1896)

111

(4)

Thomas Taylor

Union Politics, 1861-1862

Encounters the Contrabands (1892)

115

(2)

Benjamin F. Butler

The Crittenden Resolution Defines Union War Aims (1861)

117

(1)

Cast Off the Mill-Stone (1861)

117

(2)

Frederick Douglass

To Lose Kentucky is to Lose the Whole Game (1861)

119

(2)

Abraham Lincoln

A Democratic Congressman Attacks Emancipation (1862)

121

(3)

Samuel S. Cox

Supports for Emancipation is Increasing (1862)

124

(1)

John Sherman

I Would Save the Union (1862)

125

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Harper's Weekly Gauges the Northern Response to Emancipation (1862)

126

(1)

New York Times, the 1862 Elections Are a Repudiation of the Administration's Conduct of the War (1862)

127

(2)

Replies to a Republican Critic after the 1862 Elections (1862)

129

(2)

Abraham Lincoln

Confederate Politics, 1861-1863

Governor Joseph Brown Obstructs Conscription in Georgia (1862)

131

(1)

The Twenty Negro Law (1862)

132

(1)

A Georgia Soldier Condemns the Exemption of Slaveholders (1862)

133

(2)

An Atlanta Paper Defends the Exemption of Slaveholders (1862)

135

(1)

Defends His Policies (1862)

136

(2)

Jefferson Davis

Richmond Examiner, A Richmond Paper Calls for a Tax-in-Kind (1863)

138

(2)

A Richmond Editor Denounces Davis's Leadership (1869)

140

(3)

Edward Pollard

Diplomacy

Anonymous, Southerners' Faith in King Cotton Diplomacy (1861)

143

(1)

The Trent Affair Has Almost Wrecked Us (1862)

144

(1)

Charles Francis Adams

Complains of Europe's Refusal to Recognize the Confederacy (1863)

145

(1)

Jefferson Davis

This is War (1863)

145

(2)

Charles Francis Adams

The Military Struggle, 1863

Counsels General Joseph Hooker (1863)

147

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

The Character of the War Has Very Much Changed (1863)

148

(1)

Henry Halleck

Proposes to Take the Offensive (1863)

149

(2)

Robert E. Lee

A Pennsylvania Woman Encounters Lee's Army (1863)

151

(3)

Rachel Cormany

A Virginia Soldier Survives Pickett's Charge (1863)

154

(2)

John Dooley

A Connecticut Soldier Helps Repel Pickett's Charge (1863)

156

(3)

Benjamin Hirst

Anonymous, Daily Life during the Siege of Vicksburg (1863)

159

(3)

The Conduct of the Negroes Was beyond All Expression (1863)

162

(1)

Alexander S. Abrams

The Confederacy Totters to Its Destruction (1863)

163

(2)

Josiah Gorgas

Union Politics, 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

165

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Northern Newspapers Debate the Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

166

(2)

Harper's Weekly, the Work Done by Congress (1863)

168

(2)

One of the Worst Despotisms on Earth (1863)

170

(2)

Clement Vallandigham

I Think I Shall Be Blamed for Having Made Too Few Arrests (1863)

172

(3)

Abraham Lincoln

The Heaviest Blow Yet Dealt to the Rebellion (1863)

175

(2)

Abraham Lincoln

A New Birth of Freedom (1863)

177

(2)

Abraham Lincoln

The Union Home Front

Conscription in the Union (1866)

179

(1)

The New York Press Debates the Causes of the Draft Riots (1863)

180

(3)

Jefferson Davis Rules New York Today (1863)

183

(2)

George Templeton Strong

This Country Also Belongs to Us (1863)

185

(2)

J. W. C. Pennington

Anonymous, A Rioter Condemns the $300 Commutation Fee (1863)

187

(1)

The New York Evening Post Defends the $300 Commutation Fee (1863)

187

(2)

A Union Nurse at Gettysburg (1863)

189

(1)

Cornelia Hancock

Harper's Monthly, the Fortunes of War (1864)

190

(4)

Fincher's Trade Review, Working Women Protest Their Low Wages (1865)

194

(1)

Harper's Monthly, Wall Street in Wartime (1865)

195

(2)

The Confederate Home Front

Slavery is a Tower of Strength to the South (1861)

197

(1)

Montgomery Advertiser

Slave Owners Ought to Bear the Principal Burden of the War (1863)

198

(1)

Samuel L. Holt

``Agnes,'' A Resident Observes the Richmond Bread Riot (1863)

199

(2)

This is War, Terrible War (1862-1864)

201

(3)

John B. Jones

Phoebe Yates Pember Becomes a Hospital Matron (1879)

204

(1)

Southern Women Enter the Government Bureaucracy (1867)

205

(1)

Sally Putnam

A Confederate General Reports on Widespread Resistance to Conscription (1863)

206

(2)

Gideon J. Pillow

The War Corrodes Female Virtue (1863)

208

(1)

Daniel O'Leary

A Union Officer Marvels at the Endurance of the Southern People (1864)

209

(1)

Theodore Lyman

Until Adversity Tries Us (1861-1865)

210

(4)

Ella Gertrude Thomas

Is Anything Worth It? (1862-1865)

214

(2)

Mary Chesnut

Dear Edward (1906)

216

(1)

Mary Cooper

The Revulsion Was Sickening (1865)

217

(2)

Judith McGuire

African Americans

An Escaped Slave Writes His Wife from a Union Camp (1862)

219

(1)

John Boston

Frederick Douglass Urges Black Men to Enlist (1863)

220

(2)

A Mother Calls on the Government to Protect Black Soldiers (1863)

222

(1)

Hannah Johnson

A Union General Describes Slaves Entering the Union Lines (1863)

223

(1)

Lorenzo Thomas

The Negroes Are Worse Than Free (1863)

224

(1)

Susanna Clay

A Black Soldier Explains His Motives for Fighting (1863)

225

(1)

Isaiah H. Welch

New York Times, A Prodigious Revolution (1864)

226

(1)

Anonymous A Black Soldier Protests Unequal Pay (1864)

227

(2)

A Black Soldier Writes His Daughter's Owner (1864)

229

(1)

Spotswood Rice

The Hardship of Black Soldiers' Families (1864)

230

(1)

Rachel Ann Wicker

Mittie Freeman Meets a Yankee (1937)

231

(1)

Former Slaves Recall the End of Slavery (1937)

232

(2)

The Slave Eliza Acquires a New Name (1937)

234

(1)

Eliza Evans

Common Soldiers

The Comforts of a Soldier's Life (1929)

235

(1)

Randolph Shotwell

Hard Marching (1863)

236

(1)

Wilbur Fisk

A South Carolina Soldier Confronts His Captain (1862)

237

(1)

Samuel E. Burges

Trading with the Enemy (1863)

238

(1)

Tally Simpson

Fraternization among Soldiers of the Two Armies (1864)

239

(1)

Chauncey H. Cooke

Religious Revivals in the Confederate Army (1864)

240

(1)

T. J. Stokes

Antiblack Prejudice in the Union Ranks (1897)

241

(1)

John A. Potter

A Union Soldier's Changing Views on Emancipation (1863-1865)

242

(4)

Chauncey Welton

A Louisiana Soldier Links Slavery and Race to the Cause of the Confederacy (1862-1864)

246

(1)

Reuben A. Pierson

A Wounded Soldier Describes a Field Hospital (1863)

247

(1)

T. D. Kingsley

The Scourge of War (1862)

247

(2)

William Fisher Plane

The Military Struggle, 1864

Devises a New Union Strategy (1885)

249

(2)

Ulysses S. Grant

A Union Officer Depicts the Fury of the Fighting at Spotsylvania (1897)

251

(1)

Horace Porter

Our Numbers Are Daily Decreasing (1864)

252

(1)

Robert E. Lee

A Confederate Soldier Describes the Pressure of Fighting in the Trenches (1903)

253

(1)

Robert Stiles

War is Cruelty, and You Cannot Refine It (1864)

253

(2)

William Tecumseh Sherman

Proposes to March to the Sea (1864)

255

(1)

William Tecumseh Sherman

An Illinois Soldier Marches with Sherman to the Sea and Beyond (1864-1865)

256

(2)

James Connolly

The Heavens Were Lit with Flames (1864)

258

(3)

Dolly Lunt Burge

Union Politics, 1864

The New York Times is Amazed by the Change in Public Opinion on Slavery (1864)

261

(1)

Party Platforms in 1864

262

(3)

Events Have Controlled Me (1864)

265

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Our Bleeding Country Longs for Peace (1864)

266

(1)

Horace Greeley

Outlines His Terms for Peace (1864)

267

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

The Tide is Setting Strongly against Us (1864)

268

(2)

Henry J. Raymond

Illinois State Register, A Negotiated Peace with the Confederacy is Possible (1864)

270

(1)

New York Tribune, An Armistice Would Lead to a Southern Victory (1864)

271

(2)

The Republican and Democratic Parties' Final Appeal to the Voters (1864)

273

(2)

A Democratic Soldier Votes for Lincoln (1891)

275

(1)

J. N. Jones

The Election Was a Necessity (1864)

276

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Chicago Tribune, Lincoln's Election is a Mandate to Abolish Slavery (1864)

277

(1)

Hails the Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

278

(3)

Abraham Lincoln

Confederate Politics, 1864-1865

Notes the Achievements of the Confederate Ordnance Bureau (1864)

281

(1)

Josiah Gorgas

Once Lost, Liberty is Lost Forever (1864)

282

(3)

Alexander H. Stephens

Richmond Examiner, We Are Fighting for Independence, Not Slavery (1864)

285

(1)

Richmond Examiner, We Prefer the Law (1864)

286

(1)

We Want No Confederacy without Slavery (1865)

287

(1)

Charleston Mercury

Richmond Enquirer, Slavery and the Cause of the Confederacy (1865)

288

(2)

Opposition and Disloyalty Are Increasing Daily (1865)

290

(3)

Howell Cobb

The End of the War

A Bleak Confederate Christmas (1864)

293

(1)

Judith McGuire

Reflects on the Situation of the Confederacy (1865)

294

(3)

Catherine Edmondston

Southerners Have Lost the Will to Resist (1865)

297

(1)

George Ward Nichols

Desertion Now is Not Dishonorable (1865)

298

(1)

Luther Mills

With Malice toward None (1865)

299

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

Bitter Tears Came in a Torrent (1865)

300

(2)

Mary A. Fontaine

Richmond's Black Residents Welcome Abraham Lincoln (1897)

302

(1)

A. W. Bartlett

An Awed Stillness (1915)

303

(2)

Joshua L. Chamberlain

Describes Lincoln's Death (1865)

305

(2)

Gideon Welles

Fires the Last Shot of the Civil War (1865)

307

(1)

Edmund Ruffin

A Confederate Soldier Reflects on the War's Cost and Significance (1865)

308

(1)

Samuel T. Foster

A Confederate Nurse Discusses the Internal Causes of the Confederacy's Defeat (1865)

309

(2)

Kate Cumming

A Confederate Official Analyzes the Causes of the Defeat of the Confederacy (1957)

311

(1)

Robert Garlick Kean

We Have No Future (1866)

312

(1)

Sarah Hine

We Have Lived a Century of Common Life (1865)

313

(1)

George Templeton Strong

New York Times, the War Touches Everything (1867)

314

(3)

Part 3: Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction

Vetoes the Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

317

(1)

Abraham Lincoln

The Wade-Davis Manifesto (1864)

318

(1)

Benjamin F. Wade

Henry Winter Davis

We Shall Have the Fowl Sooner by Hatching Than Smashing the Egg (1865)

319

(2)

Abraham Lincoln

Affirms the Loyalty of Southern Whites (1865)

321

(2)

Ulysses S. Grant

Questions Southern Whites' Loyalty (1865)

323

(2)

Carl Schurz

The Mississippi Black Codes (1865)

325

(3)

The Radicals Will Be Completely Foiled (1865)

328

(1)

Andrew Johnson

Petition for Suffrage (1865)

329

(1)

Virginia Blacks

Reports on the Success of His Program of Reconstruction (1865)

330

(3)

Andrew Johnson

Johnson's Clash with Congress

Designates the Southern States as Conquered Provinces (1865)

333

(2)

Thaddeus Stevens

Says Black Suffrage Will Lead to Race War in the South (1866)

335

(1)

Andrew Johnson

The Joint Committee Reports on the Status of the Former States of the Confederacy (1866)

336

(3)

Vetoes the Civil Rights Bill (1866)

339

(3)

Andrew Johnson

The Chicago Tribune Blames Johnson for the New Orleans Riot (1866)

342

(2)

Waves the Bloody Shirt (1866)

344

(2)

Oliver P. Morton

I Am Fighting Traitors in the North (1866)

346

(2)

Andrew Johnson

New York Times, the People's Verdict (1866)

348

(3)

Congressional Reconstruction

Thaddeus Stevens's Land Confiscation Bill (1867)

351

(1)

Accuses Congress of Seeking to Africanize the South (1867)

352

(3)

Andrew Johnson

The Articles of Impeachment (1868)

355

(2)

Defends Johnson in the Impeachment Trial (1868)

357

(3)

William Evarts

Appeals for Universal Suffrage (1869)

360

(2)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A Black Congressman Complains about Unequal Treatment (1874)

362

(2)

James T. Rapier

Equal Rights and Social Equality (1874)

364

(3)

Richard Cain

Political Reconstruction in the South

Voice Their Aspirations for Equality (1867)

367

(2)

Alabama Blacks

South Carolina Democrats Protest against the New State Constitution (1868)

369

(2)

An African American Leader Instructs New Black Voters (1867)

371

(1)

R. I. Cromwell

Who is Responsible for Corruption? (1870)

372

(2)

Henry Clay Warmoth

A Defense of Carpetbaggers (1875)

374

(3)

Alexander White

Economic and Social Reconstruction

Former Slaves Are Anxious to Record Their Marriages (1865)

377

(1)

A. B. Randall

Southern Whites Have No Faith in Black Free Labor (1866)

378

(1)

Sidney Andrews

Freedpeople Complain about Their Former Owners' Attempts to Cheat Them (1865)

379

(1)

N. B. Lucas

A Freedman Writes his Former Master (1865)

380

(2)

Jourdon Anderson

The Tribulations of a Freedmen's Bureau Agent (1868)

382

(2)

John W. DeForest

New Orleans Tribune, They Are the Planter's Guards (1867)

384

(1)

The Contested Meaning of Freedom (1880)

385

(2)

Henry Adams

Planters Insist That Black Women Work in the Fields (1880)

387

(1)

Henry Adams

Two Black Workers Settle Accounts at the End of the Year (1867)

388

(1)

Mariah Baldwin

Ellen Latimer

New Orleans Tribune, A Black Newspaper Calls for Integrated Schools in New Orleans (1867)

389

(2)

A Sharecropping Contract (1886)

391

(2)

Opposition and Northern Disillusionment

Signals a Retreat from Reconstruction (1874)

393

(2)

Ulysses S. Grant

Society Turned Bottom-Side Up (1874)

395

(2)

James S. Pike

The Nation, This is Socialism (1874)

397

(3)

South Carolina Black Leaders Defend the State Government's Fiscal Record (1874)

400

(3)

Vetoes the Currency Act (1874)

403

(2)

Ulysses S. Grant

The Blaine Amendment (1875)

405

(1)

James G. Blaine

The Public is Tired of These Outbreaks in the South (1875)

406

(2)

Edwards Pierrepont

The Mississippi Plan in Action (1876)

408

(1)

James W. Lee

The Assassination of an African American Political Leader (1876)

409

(2)

Margaret Ann Caldwell

A Southern White Leader Abandons the Republican Party (1913)

411

(2)

James Lusk

The End of Reconstruction

Outlines His Southern Policy (1877)

413

(1)

Rutherford B. Hayes

Surrenders the Southern Carolina Governorship (1877)

414

(2)

Governor Daniel Chamberlain

Assesses the Mistakes of Reconstruction (1880)

416

(3)

Frederick Douglass

Appendix

1. United States Constitution

419

(10)

2. Confederate Constitution

429

(10)

Permissions Acknowledgments

439

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The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials