Clinical Pharmacology and Nursing Management

, by Eisenhauer, Laurel A.; Nichols, Lynn Wemett; Spencer, Roberta Todd; Bergan, Frances West

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780397553297 | 0397553293
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1998

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Boston College School of Nursing, Chestnut Hill, MA. Textbook for nursing students. Incorporates pharmacology content and nursing concerns into a nursing process format. New to this edition: home and community care, client education, and alternative therapies. DNLM: Pharmacology, Clinical--nurses' instruction.

Unit I Introduction to Pharmacology

(42)

1 Orientation to Pharmacology

(12)

Scope of Pharmacology

(1)

History of Pharmacology

(4)

Prehistoric Era

(1)

Ancient Civilizations

(1)

Medieval to Modern Times

(1)

The World of Today

(1)

Future Concerns

(1)

Developing a Personal Knowledge Base

(3)

Drug-Related Nursing Responsibilities

(1)

Required Drug Knowledge

(1)

Reliable Sources of Information

(2)

Approaches to Drug Therapy

(1)

Magical Approach

(1)

Empirical Approach

(1)

Rational Approach

(1)

Nursing Implications

(3)

Assuming Greater Responsibilities

(1)

Teaching and Health Promotion

(1)

Case Finding and Referral

(1)

Continuing Education

(1)

Learning from the Client

(2)

2 Drug Preparations, Controls, and Standards

(18)

Characteristics of Medicinal Preparations

(6)

Drug Sources

(1)

Drug Components

(1)

Types of Preparations

(2)

Drug Nomenclature

(2)

Drug Controls

(6)

International Controls

(1)

National Controls

(3)

State Controls

(2)

Local Regulations

(1)

Institutional Controls

(1)

Individual Controls

(1)

Drug Standards

(1)

Purity

(1)

Potency

(1)

Bioavailability

(1)

Efficacy

(1)

Safety Versus Toxicity

(1)

Testing Standards

(1)

Nursing Management

(5)

Independent Nursing Functions

(1)

Collaborative Nursing Functions

(4)

3 Nursing Process: Management of Clients With Drug-Related Problems

(11)

Assessment

(8)

Data Base

(2)

Analysis

(6)

Nursing Diagnosis

(1)

Planning

(1)

Intervention

(1)

Outcome Evaluation

(1)

Critical Pathways

(3)

Unit II Therapy With Drugs

(44)

4 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics

(17)

Pharmacodynamics

(3)

Alteration of Cellular Environments

(1)

Provision of Substrate Material

(1)

Alteration of Cell Functions

(1)

Agonist-Antagonist Interaction

(1)

Alteration of Genetic Material

(1)

Pharmacokinetics

(12)

Drug Absorption

(6)

Drug Distribution

(2)

Drug Biotransformation

(2)

Drug Excretion

(1)

Interaction of Pharmacokinetic Processes

(1)

Nursing Management

(2)

5 Adverse Drug Reactions

(11)

Overview

(1)

Risk Factors

(1)

Predictability

(1)

Iatrogenic Effects

(1)

Side Effects

(3)

Desired Effects

(1)

Adverse Effects

(2)

Toxic Reactions

(1)

Hepatotoxicity

(1)

Nephrotoxicity

(1)

Neurotoxicity

(1)

Ototoxicity

(1)

Allergic and Immunologic Reactions

(1)

Carcinogenicity

(1)

Chain Reactions

(1)

Cumulative Reactions

(1)

Idiosyncratic Reactions

(1)

Teratogenicity

(1)

Tolerance and Dependence

(4)

6 Drug Interactions

(15)

Kinds of Drug Interactions

(1)

Pharmacodynamic Interactions

(1)

Pharmacogenetic Interactions

(1)

Pharmacokinetic Interactions

(1)

Clinically Desirable Interactions

(1)

Drug-Drug Interactions

(5)

Interactions and Absorption

(1)

Interactions and Distribution

(1)

Interactions and Biotransformation

(2)

Interactions and Excretion

(2)

Drug-Food Interactions

(7)

Food and Pharmacokinetic Interactions

(3)

Interactions Associated With Enteral Feeding

(2)

Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions

(2)

Exogenous Interferents

(1)

Metabolites

(1)

Additives and Test Materials

(2)

Unit III Administration of Medications

(56)

7 Principles of Medication

(26)

Role Functions Related to Drug Therapy

(6)

Pharmacist

(1)

Physician, Dentist, and Veterinarian

(1)

Paraprofessionals

(1)

Professional Nurses

(1)

Trends in Role Assignments

(4)

Delivery of Drug Doses

(3)

The Right Drug

(1)

The Right Dose

(1)

The Right Client

(1)

The Right Route

(1)

The Right Time

(1)

Drug Administration in Healthcare Institutions

(1)

Institutional Medication Procedures

(1)

Home Care Medication Procedures

(1)

Medication Errors

(4)

Causes

(3)

Reporting an Error

102

(1)

Special Skills for Drug Administration

102

(1)

Storing and Handling Drugs

102

(3)

Learning the Language

105

(1)

Orders for Medication

105

(1)

Computation of Drug Doses

106

Occupational Hazards Related to Drug Administration

102

(12)

Chemical Dependence

112

(1)

Adverse Reaction to Toxic Substances

112

(1)

Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

113

(1)

Blood-Borne Infections

113

(1)

Allergy

113

(1)

Nursing Considerations

113

(1)

8 Strategies to Promote Therapeutic Alliance

114

(7)

Developing a Therapeutic Alliance

114

(1)

Factors Affecting a Therapeutic Alliance

114

(1)

Behavioral Responses to Drugs

114

(3)

Attitudes

114

(1)

Motivation

115

(1)

Meaning Attached to Drugs

115

(1)

Power of Suggestion

116

(1)

Type of Illness

117

(1)

Strategies to Promote Compliance

117

(4)

The Nurse's Behavioral Response

117

(4)

9 Cultural Aspects of Drug Therapy

121

(22)

Ethnomedicine

121

(1)

Cultural Diversity and Pharmacotherapy

122

(1)

Racial Diversity and Pharmacotherapy

122

(1)

African Americans

122

(1)

Health and Illness Beliefs

122

(1)

Remedies

122

(1)

Hispanic Americans

123

(3)

Health and Illness Beliefs

123

(1)

Remedies

124

(2)

Asian Americans

126

(3)

Health and Illness Beliefs

126

(1)

Remedies

126

(3)

Native Americans

129

(2)

Health and Illness Beliefs

129

(1)

Remedies

130

(1)

European Americans

131

(1)

Health and Illness Beliefs

131

(1)

Remedies

131

(1)

Ethnopharmacology

131

(9)

Preparation and Use of Herbs

132

(8)

Nursing Management

140

(3)

Unit IV Developmental Considerations in Drug Therapy

143

(56)

10 Drug Therapy in Maternal Care

144

(33)

Drug Safety During Pregnancy

144

(2)

FDA Pregnancy Risk Ratings for Drugs

145

(1)

TERIS and Canadian Ratings

145

(1)

Drug-Related Factors Affecting Pregnancy

146

(3)

Maternal Nutrition

146

(1)

Ingested and Inhaled Contaminants

146

(3)

Therapeutic Drug Use During Pregnancy

149

(10)

Drug Intervention in Maternal Medical Problems

149

(8)

Drug Intervention in Fetal Medical Problems

157

(1)

Implications: Benefits and Risks

158

(1)

Drug Use During Labor

159

(7)

Premature Labor

159

(3)

Term Labor and Natural Oxytocin

162

(1)

Artificially Induced Labor and Oxytocic Drugs

162

(1)

Artifically Induced Labor After Fetal Demise

163

(1)

Hypertension Control During Labor

163

(1)

Pain Control During Labor

163

(3)

Drug Use During Delivery

166

(1)

Local Anesthetics

166

(1)

General Anesthetics

166

(1)

Drug Use in Postpartum Care

167

(1)

Drug Use During Lactation

168

(9)

Mechanisms of Drug Passage From Plasma to Milk

168

(1)

Effects of Maternal Medication on the Infant

169

(8)

11 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Nursing

177

(11)

Factors Influencing Drug Responses in Children

177

(2)

Uniqueness of the Client

177

(1)

Body System Maturity and Metabolism

177

(1)

Physical Growth and Development

178

(1)

Pharmacologic Toxicity

178

(1)

Genetic Endowment

178

(1)

Chronic Conditions

179

(1)

Circadian Rhythms

179

(1)

Psychologic Development

179

(1)

Factors in Administering Medications to Children

179

(9)

Determining the Appropriate Dosage

179

(2)

Managing Pain

181

(7)

12 Drug Therapy in Gerontologic Nursing

188

(11)

Physiologic Changes of Aging

189

(1)

Absorption

189

(1)

Distribution

189

(1)

Metabolism

189

(1)

Excretion

189

(1)

Pharmacodynamic Changes

189

(1)

Other Physiologic Changes

190

(1)

Patterns of Drug Toxicity

190

(1)

Chronic Disease

191

(1)

Polypharmacy

192

(1)

Social and Emotional Behaviors Affecting Drug Use

192

(1)

Changing Resources of Elderly Clients

193

(6)

Decreased Physical Capacity

193

(1)

Hearing Impairment

193

(1)

Vision Impairment

193

(1)

Dietary Alterations

193

(1)

Memory Changes

193

(1)

Financial Circumstances

193

(6)

Unit V Pharmacology in Community-Based Nursing

199

(48)

13 Drug Therapy in the Home and Community

200

(16)

Trends Toward Self-care and Home Care

200

(1)

Self-Medication and Over-the-Counter Drugs

200

(5)

Economic Issues

201

(1)

Legislative Controls

201

(1)

Characteristics of Over-the-Counter Drugs

202

(1)

Interest in Alternative Therapies

203

(2)

Drug Therapy in the Home

205

(9)

Assessment for Home Drug Therapy

205

(3)

Home Drug Administration and Management

208

(6)

The Community as Client

214

(2)

14 Substance Abuse

216

(21)

Nature of Dependence and Addiction

216

(2)

Cycles of Dependence

216

(1)

Relation of Potency and Dependence

217

(1)

Classifications

218

(1)

Central Nervous System Depressants

218

(11)

Opioid Analgesics

218

(2)

General Central Nervous System Depressants

220

(9)

Central Nervous System Stimulants

229

(4)

Amphetamines

229

(1)

Cocaine

230

(1)

Hallucinogens

230

(2)

Inhalant Vapors

232

(1)

Nicotine

233

(1)

Caffeine

233

(1)

Substance Control

233

(1)

Substance Abuse and Reproduction

234

(1)

Drug Abuse and AIDS

234

(3)

15 Toxicology

237

(10)

Access Routes of Toxic Substances

237

(1)

Percutaneous Route

237

(1)

Gastrointestinal Route

238

(1)

Parenteral Route

238

(1)

Inhalation Route

238

(1)

Scope of Poisoning

238

(1)

Causes of Poisoning

238

(1)

Poison Management

238

(1)

Poison Control Centers

238

(1)

Medical Management

239

(1)

Lead Poisoning

239

(2)

Pathophysiology

239

(1)

Signs and Symptoms

239

(1)

Treatment

240

(1)

Prevention

241

(1)

Other Environmental Toxins

241

(6)

Toxins in Healthcare Settings

241

(6)

Unit VI Drugs That Affect the Nervous System

247

(164)

16 Drugs That Affect the Autonomic Nervous System

248

(36)

The Automatic Nervous System

249

(3)

Physiology

250

(2)

Adrenergic Drugs

252

(8)

Catecholamines

253

(5)

Synthetic Catecholamines

258

(1)

Noncatecholamines

258

(2)

Antiadrenergic Drugs

260

(7)

Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers

260

(4)

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

264

(3)

Cholinergic Drugs

267

(9)

Parasympathomimetic Agents

267

(3)

Anticholinesterase Agents

270

(6)

Anticholinergic Drugs

276

(7)

Atropine Scopolamine and Semisynthetic

277

(3)

Antimuscarinics

280

(3)

Ganglionic Stimulants

283

(1)

Ganglionic Blockers

283

(1)

17 Drugs That Stimulate the Central Nervous System

284

(26)

Physiology of the Central Nervous System

284

(2)

Amphetamines

286

(6)

Xanthines

292

(4)

Analeptics

296

(2)

Strychnine

296

(1)

Pentylenetetrazol

296

(1)

Ammonia

296

(2)

Antiparkinson Agents

298

(7)

Selegiline

298

(1)

Levodopa

299

(6)

Other CNS Stimulants for Parkinsonism

305

(2)

Dopamine Agonists

305

(1)

Anticholinergics and Amantadine

306

(1)

Alzheimer's Drugs

307

(3)

Tacrine

307

(1)

Other Alzheimer's Drugs

308

(2)

18 Drugs That Depress the Central Nervous System

310

(53)

Overview of CNS Depressants

310

(1)

Understanding Pain

311

(1)

Pain Threshold

311

(1)

Pain Response

311

(1)

Pain Syndromes

311

(1)

Pain Management

311

(5)

Nonpharmacologic Pain Management Measures

312

(1)

Pharmacologic Pain Management Measures

312

(4)

Impediments to Effective Pain Management

316

(3)

Inadequate Assessment of Pain

316

(1)

Substitution of Inappropriate Drugs for Analgesics

317

(1)

Invalid Assumptions

317

(1)

Insufficient Knowledge

317

(1)

Biased Attitudes

317

(1)

Misapprehension of Pain

317

(2)

Analgesics

319

(16)

Nonnarcotic Analgesics

319

(1)

Opioid Analgesics

319

(12)

Opioid Antagonists

331

(4)

Central Analgesics

335

(1)

Anesthetic Drugs and Anesthesia

335

(16)

General Anesthetics

336

(7)

Local Anesthetics

343

(7)

Alternative Anesthetic Regimens

350

(1)

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

351

(12)

Understanding Sleep

351

(12)

19 Drugs That Control Seizures

363

(25)

Pathophysiology of Seizures

363

(1)

Factors Affecting Seizure Occurrence

363

(1)

Treatment With Drugs

364

(24)

Hydantoins

365

(3)

Barbiturates

370

(3)

Oxazolidinediones

373

(3)

Succinimides

376

(1)

Carbamazepine

376

(1)

Valproate (Valproic Acid)

377

(1)

Benzodiazepines

378

(1)

Other Agents

378

(10)

20 Drugs That Affect Emotional and Psychological Functions

388

(23)

General Considerations

388

(1)

Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Illness

389

(1)

Psychoactive Drug Classes

390

(1)

Antipsychotic Agents

390

(7)

Phenothiazines

390

(2)

Thioxanthenes

392

(1)

Butyrophenones

392

(1)

Other Agents

392

(1)

Atypical and Novel Agents

392

(5)

Anxiolytic Agents

397

(3)

Benzodiazepines

398

(2)

Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

400

(11)

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

401

(1)

Tricyclic and Other Cyclic Antidepressants

402

(2)

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

404

(1)

Lithium

405

(2)

Anticonvulsants and Calcium Channel Blockers

407

(4)

Unit VII Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems

411

(154)

21 Drugs That Manage Heart Failure

412

(16)

Physiology

412

(1)

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

412

(2)

Cardiac Glycosides

414

(8)

Digitalis Antidote: Digoxin Immune Fab

422

(3)

Other Drugs for Managing Heart Failure

425

(3)

Drugs That Reduce Ventricular Wall Stress

425

(1)

Drugs That Reduce Neurohormonal Activity

426

(2)

22 Drugs That Regulate Cardiac Rhythm

428

(21)

Pathophysiology of Abnormal Cardiac Rhythms

428

(2)

Class I Drugs: Sodium Channel Blocking Agents

430

(8)

Class IA Drugs

430

(3)

Class IB Drugs

433

(3)

Class IC Drugs

436

(1)

Other Class I Drugs

437

(1)

Class II Drugs: Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents

438

(2)

Propranolol

438

(2)

Class III Drugs: Drugs That Prolong Repolarization

440

(3)

Amiodarone

440

(1)

Bretylium

441

(1)

Sotalol

442

(1)

Class IV Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

443

(1)

Verapamil

443

(1)

Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs

444

(5)

Adenosine

444

(5)

23 Drugs That Regulate Lipid Levels

449

(14)

Vascular Physiology

449

(1)

Vascular Pathophysiology

449

(3)

Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

449

(1)

Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins

450

(1)

Classification of Hyperlipoproteinemias

450

(2)

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

452

(3)

Fluvastatin

452

(1)

Lovastatin

453

(1)

Pravastatin

454

(1)

Simvastatin

454

(1)

Bile Acid-Sequestering Resins

455

(1)

Cholestyramine and Colestipol

455

(1)

Nicotinic Acid

456

(1)

Fibric Acid Derivatives

457

(1)

Gemfibrozil

457

(1)

Miscellaneous Drugs

457

(4)

Neomycin

457

(1)

Estrogens

457

(1)

Beta-Sitosterol

458

(1)

Omega-3 Fish Oils

458

(3)

Drugs Used to Dissolve Cholesterol-Containing Gallstones

461

(2)

Chenodiol

461

(2)

24 Drugs That Affect Circulation

463

(16)

Physiology of the Coronary Vascular System

463

(1)

Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia

463

(11)

Vasodilators

464

(6)

Other Agents Used to Treat Ischemic Heart Disease

470

(3)

Vasoconstrictors

473

(1)

Pathophysiology of Peripheral Vascular Disease

474

(1)

Drugs Used With Peripheral Vascular Disease

475

(4)

Pentoxifylline

475

(1)

Sclerosing Agent

476

(3)

25 Drugs That Regulate Blood Pressure

479

(31)

Physiology of Blood Pressure

479

(1)

Pathophysiology of Hypertension

479

(1)

Hypertension in Special Populations

480

(1)

Older Adults

480

(1)

Children

480

(1)

Pregnant Women

481

(1)

Ethnicity

481

(1)

Antithypertensive Drug Therapy

481

(1)

Sympathetic Inhibitors

482

(13)

Adrenergic Blocking Agents

482

(9)

Agents With Central Antihypertensive Action

491

(3)

Agents Causing Blockade of Neuroeffector Transmission

494

(1)

Miscellaneous Agents

494

(1)

Direct-Acting Vasodilators

495

(1)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

496

(3)

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonist

499

(1)

Calcium Channel Blocking Agents

499

(7)

Agents Used for Hypertensive Emergencies

506

(4)

26 Drugs That Affect Hemostasis

510

(33)

Hemostasis

510

(2)

Defects of Hemostasis

512

(1)

Disorders Affecting Hemostatis

512

(1)

Hemostatics

512

(9)

Systemic Hemostatics

513

(5)

Topical Hemostatics

518

(3)

Anticoagulants

521

(5)

Heparin

521

(2)

Enoxaparin

523

(1)

Antithrombin III-Independent Anticoagulants

523

(1)

Protamine Sulfate

524

(1)

Coumarin and Indandione Derivatives

524

(2)

Antiplatelet Drugs

526

(8)

Aspirin

526

(1)

Dipyridamole

526

(1)

Ticlopidine

527

(1)

Abciximab

527

(1)

Dextran

527

(1)

Sulfinpyrazone

528

(6)

Fibrinolysis

534

(1)

Fibrinolytic Agents

534

(9)

Streptokinase

535

(1)

Anisoylated Plasminogen Streptokinase Activator Complex

536

(1)

Urokinase

536

(1)

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

537

(6)

27 Drugs That Affect the Kidneys

543

(22)

Physiology of the Kidneys

543

(1)

Pathophysiology

544

(1)

Diuretics and Cardiovascular Disease

544

(1)

Diuretics and Liver or Renal Disease

545

(1)

Diuretics and Other Conditions

545

(1)

Drugs Used as Diuretics

545

(18)

Adaptation to Diuretics

546

(1)

Agents That Increase Glomerular Filtration

547

(1)

Diuretics That Act Directly on the Nephron

547

(4)

Diuretics That Act on the Early Distal Tubule

551

(6)

Diuretics That Modify Filtrate Content

557

(1)

Agents That Act on the Proximal Tubule

558

(5)

Resin Exchange Agents

563

(2)

Unit VIII Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal System

565

(52)

28 Drugs That Affect the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

566

(30)

Pathophysiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

566

(1)

Plaque and Periodontitis

566

(1)

Halitosis

566

(1)

Agents Used to Treat the Mouth

567

(2)

Digestants

569

(3)

Normal Processes

569

(1)

Abnormal Functioning

569

(1)

Gastric Acidifiers

569

(1)

Pancreatic Enzymes

569

(1)

Bile Drugs

570

(2)

Drug Therapy in Gastric Acidity and Gastrointestinal Muscosal

572

(12)

Physiology

572

(1)

Pathophysiology

572

(2)

Drugs Used to Suppress Acid Production

574

(4)

Drugs Used to Prevent or Treat Mucosal Integrity Damage

578

(6)

Antiemetics

584

(9)

Pathophysiology

584

(2)

Classification of Antiemetics

586

(7)

Miscellaneous Drugs Affecting the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

593

(3)

Antiflatulents

593

(1)

Prokinetics

593

(3)

29 Drugs That Affect the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

596

(21)

Physiology of Flatulence

596

(1)

Antiflatulents

596

(2)

Carminatives

596

(1)

Simethicone

597

(1)

Charcoal

597

(1)

Physiology of Fecal Elimination

598

(1)

Disturbances of Fecal Elimination

598

(1)

Laxatives

599

(10)

Irritant (and Vegetable) Laxatives

599

(4)

Hyperosmotic Laxatives

603

(1)

Bulk-Forming Laxatives

604

(1)

Lubricant Laxatives

604

(1)

Stool Softeners

605

(4)

Physiology of Diarrhea

609

(1)

Causes of Diarrhea

609

(1)

Antidiarrheal Agents

610

(5)

Fluid and Electrolyte Solutions

610

(1)

Lactobacillus acidophilus

610

(1)

Bismuth Subsalicylate

610

(2)

Anticholinergics

612

(1)

Demulcents and Protectives

612

(1)

Adsorbents

612

(1)

Astringents

612

(1)

Opioids

612

(3)

Antiinflammatory Drugs for Gastrointestinal Disease

615

(2)

Unit IX Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System

617

(122)

30 Drugs That Regulate Steroidal Hormone Levels

618

(34)

Hormones

618

(1)

Steroid Hormones

618

(32)

Steroidal Functions

619

(1)

Steroidal Actions

619

(1)

Kinds of Steroids

619

(1)

Pathophysiology of Significant Hormone Deficiencies

619

(1)

Glucocorticoids

620

(11)

Mineralocorticoids

631

(3)

Male Sex Hormones

634

(7)

Female Sex Hormones

641

(9)

Steroid Hormone Antagonists

650

(2)

Spironolactone

650

(1)

Male Hormone Antagonists

650

(1)

Antiestrogens

650

(2)

31 Drugs That Affect Sexual Behavior and Reproduction

652

(28)

Reproductive Systems

652

(8)

Growth and Development

652

(1)

Adult Sexual Cycles

652

(3)

Delayed Maturation

655

(1)

Impaired Sexual Response

655

(1)

Hormone Deficiency in Older Adults

655

(3)

Premenstrual Syndrome

658

(2)

Dysmenorrhea and Drug Treatment

660

(1)

Drugs That Affect Sexuality

660

(5)

Aphrodisiacs

660

(5)

Anaphrodisiacs

665

(1)

Drugs That Treat Sexual Problems

665

(2)

Effects of Toxic Materials

665

(2)

Drugs That Prevent Conception

667

(9)

Male Contraceptive Measures

667

(1)

Female Contraceptive Measures

667

(9)

Infertility and Fertility Drugs

676

(4)

Male Infertility

676

(1)

Female Infertility

676

(4)

32 Drugs That Regulate Blood Glucose Levels

680

(25)

Protein Hormones

680

(14)

Insulin

680

(1)

Exogenous Insulin Preparations

681

(2)

Pharmacology of Insulin

683

(11)

Oral Hypoglycemics

694

(6)

Sulfonylureas

694

(6)

Biguanides

700

(1)

Hyperglycemics

700

(5)

Acarbose

700

(1)

Glucagon

701

(3)

Miscellaneous Hyperglycemic Agents

704

(1)

33 Drugs That Affect the Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pituitary and Hypothalamic Glands

705

(34)

Physiology

705

(1)

Pathophysiology

705

(1)

Thyroid Hormone and Drugs Affecting Thyroid Function

706

(16)

Iodinated Thyroid Hormones

706

(2)

Antithyroid Drugs

708

(2)

Iodine

710

(2)

Radioactive Iodine

712

(10)

Calcitonin

722

(3)

Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone)

725

(1)

Physiology

725

(1)

Pathophysiology

725

(1)

Adrenohypophyseal Hormones and Related Substances

726

(9)

Corticotropin

727

(5)

Growth Hormone

732

(2)

Growth Hormone Antagonist

734

(1)

Thyrotropin

734

(1)

Hypothalamic Hormones

735

(4)

Antidiuretic Hormones

735

(3)

Oxytocin

738

(1)

Unit X Drugs Affecting the Immune System

739

(72)

34 Drugs That Control Allergies

740

(14)

Pathophysiology of Allergies

740

(3)

Components and Contributors to Allergic Reactions

740

(1)

Allergic Signs and Symptoms

741

(1)

Clinical Manifestations

742

(1)

Allergy Treatments

743

(11)

Drug Therapy

743

(1)

Antihistamines

744

(1)

Corticosteroids and Topical Preparations

745

(3)

Immunotherapy

748

(6)

35 Drugs That Moderate the Immune System

754

(25)

Physiology of the Immune System

754

(1)

Kinds of Immunity

754

(1)

Pathophysiology of the Immune System

755

(9)

Hypersensitivity

755

(1)

Autoimmunity

755

(1)

Deficiencies

755

(1)

Rejection Reactions

755

(1)

Cancer

755

(1)

Immunopotentiators

755

(1)

Vaccines and Toxoids for Children

755

(6)

Immunizations for Adults

761

(1)

Antitoxins and Antivenins

761

(1)

Immune Serums

762

(2)

Biologic Response Modifiers

764

(8)

Monoclonal Antibodies

764

(1)

Cytokines

765

(7)

Tumor Necrosis Factor

772

(1)

Immunosuppressants

772

(7)

Azathioprine

772

(1)

Cyclosporine

773

(2)

Tacrolimus

775

(1)

Monoclonal Antibodies

775

(1)

Antithymocyte Globulin

775

(1)

Cytotoxic Drugs

776

(1)

Glucocorticoids

776

(1)

Mycophenolate Mofetil

776

(3)

36 Drugs That Treat Inflammation

779

(32)

Physiology of Inflammation

779

(1)

Pathophysiology of Inflammation

779

(2)

Pathophysiology of Fever

780

(1)

Therapeutic Management of Fever

781

(1)

Drugs Used to Control Fever

781

(1)

Quinine

781

(1)

Dantrolene

781

(1)

Other Modalities for Fever and Related Pain

781

(1)

Drugs Used to Reduce Inflammation and Pain

781

(30)

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

781

(19)

Pyrazoles

800

(1)

Para-Aminophenol Derivatives

800

(1)

Gold Compounds

801

(1)

Drugs Used for Gout

802

(2)

Uricosurics

804

(7)

Unit XI Drugs Affecting Other Body Systems

811

(74)

37 Drugs That Affect the Respiratory System

812

(28)

Physiology

812

(1)

Purpose of Respiration

812

(1)

Respiratory Structures

812

(1)

Pathophysiology

813

(2)

Bronchoconstriction

813

(1)

Bronchodilation

814

(1)

Disorders of the Respiratory Tract

815

(3)

Respiratory Failure

815

(1)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

815

(3)

Drug Therapy for Respiratory Disorders

818

(9)

Bronchodilators

819

(1)

Sympathomimetics

819

(4)

Xanthines

823

(4)

Anticholinergics

827

(1)

Other Asthma Drugs

827

(2)

Corticosteroids

827

(1)

Leukotriene Modifiers

828

(1)

Preventive Agents

828

(1)

Drugs That Affect Mucus and Mucous Secretion

829

(2)

Expectorants

829

(1)

Mucolytics

829

(2)

Antitussive Drugs

831

(1)

Codeine

831

(1)

Dextromethorphan

831

(1)

Benzonate

831

(1)

Other Respiratory Drugs

831

(9)

Dornase Alpha

831

(1)

Alpha-1 Antiproteinase

831

(1)

Surfactants

832

(8)

38 Drugs That Affect the Musculoskeletal System

840

(12)

Physiology

840

(1)

Pathophysiology

841

(1)

Peripheral Muscle Spasms

841

(1)

Spasticity From Central Nervous System Damage

841

(1)

Drugs That Relax Skeletal Muscles and Treat Spasticity

841

(11)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

842

(2)

Antispasmodic Agents

844

(8)

39 Drugs That Affect the Eyes and Ears

852

(11)

Physiology of the Eye

852

(2)

Common Ophthalmic Medications

854

(6)

Mydriatics and Cycloplegics

854

(1)

Antiglaucoma Agents

855

(1)

Ophthalmic Anti-Infectives

855

(1)

Ophthalmic Anti-inflammatory Drugs

856

(1)

Ophthalmic Anesthetics

857

(1)

Other Ophthalmic Drugs

857

(3)

Topical Otic Medications

860

(1)

Pathophysiology

860

(3)

Otic Anti-Infectives

860

(1)

Otic Analgesics

860

(3)

40 Drugs That Affect the Integumentary System

863

(22)

Pathophysiology of Integumentary Disorders

863

(1)

Acne Vulgaris

863

(1)

Psoriasis

864

(1)

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

864

(1)

Wounds

864

(1)

General Skin Treatment Principles

864

(1)

Preparations for Drying the Skin

864

(1)

Preparations for Moisturizing the Skin

865

(1)

Drugs to Manage Integumentary System Disorders

865

(20)

Topical Glucocorticoids

865

(1)

Systemic Corticosteroids

866

(1)

Retinoids

867

(2)

Cytotoxic and Immunosuppressive Drugs

869

(1)

Antimalarials

869

(1)

Antimicrobials

869

(2)

Antivirals

871

(1)

Antipruritic Agents

871

(3)

Antipsoriasis Drugs

874

(1)

Antiseptics and Germicides

875

(2)

Topical Wound Therapy Agents

877

(1)

Topical Therapy for Burns

877

(2)

Soaps and Shampoos

879

(1)

Sunscreens

880

(1)

Miscellaneous Agents

880

(5)

Unit XII Drugs Affecting Inflammation and Infection

885

(98)

41 Antimicrobial Drugs That Affect Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

886

(19)

Introduction to Antimicrobials

887

(1)

Characteristics of the Ideal Antimicrobial

887

(1)

The Use of Antimicrobials

887

(4)

Spectra of Activity

888

(1)

Bacterial Resistance

888

(1)

Adverse Effects

889

(1)

Treatment Failures

890

(1)

Agents Affecting Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

891

(14)

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

892

(10)

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

902

(1)

Other Antibiotics Affecting Cell Wall Synthesis

902

(3)

42 Antimicrobial Drugs That Affect Protein Synthesis

905

(16)

Aminoglycosides

905

(6)

Tetracyclines

911

(4)

Macrolides

915

(2)

Chloramphenicol

917

(2)

Spectinomycin

919

(1)

Lincomycin

919

(2)

Clindamycin

920

(1)

43 Other Antimicrobial Drugs

921

(23)

Pathophysiology of Mycobacterial Infections

921

(1)

Antimycobacterial Agents

922

(10)

Isoniazid

922

(2)

Rifampin

924

(1)

Pyrazinamide

924

(1)

Ethambutol Hydrochloride

925

(1)

Streptomycin

925

(1)

Rifabutin

925

(1)

Kanamycin

926

(1)

Aminosalicylate Sodium

926

(1)

Capreomycin Sulfate

926

(1)

Cycloserine

927

(1)

Ethionamide

928

(1)

Dapsone

928

(1)

Clofazimine

929

(3)

Miscellaneous Antimicrobials

932

(2)

Colistin

932

(1)

Polymyxin B

933

(1)

Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infection

934

(1)

Urinary Tract Anti-Infectives

935

(9)

Quinolones

935

(1)

Fluoroquinolones

935

(1)

Methenamine

935

(3)

Nitrofurantoin

938

(1)

Phenazopyridine

939

(1)

Trimethroprim

939

(1)

Sulfonamides

939

(5)

44 Drugs That Treat Viral and Fungal Infections

944

(19)

Pathophysiology of Viral Infections

944

(1)

Antiviral Agents, Vaccines, and Interferons

944

(1)

Antiviral Anti-Infectives

945

(7)

Acyclovir

945

(3)

Ganciclovir

948

(1)

Amantadine

949

(1)

Zidovudine

949

(1)

Ribavirin

950

(2)

Pathophysiology of Fungal Infections

952

(1)

Antifungal Anti-Infectives

952

(11)

Clotrimazole

952

(1)

Ketoconazole

953

(2)

Miconazole

955

(1)

Fluconazole

955

(1)

Itraconazole

956

(1)

Griseofulvin

956

(1)

Nystatin

957

(1)

Amphotericin B

957

(1)

Flucytosine

958

(1)

Terbinafine

959

(4)

45 Drugs That Treat Parasitic and Helminthic Infections

963

(20)

Pathophysiology of Parasitic Infections

963

(1)

Lyme Disease

964

(1)

Protozoan Infections

964

(11)

Malaria

964

(5)

Amebiasis

969

(4)

Miscellaneous Protozoan Infections

973

(2)

Helminthic Infestations

975

(8)

Antihelminthic Drugs

975

(8)

Unit XIII Drugs Affecting Neoplastic Disease

983

(66)

46 Chemotherapeutic Drugs: Alkylating Agents and Antimetabolites

984

(36)

Pathophysiology of Cancer

984

(1)

Cancer Therapy

984

(1)

Chemotherapy and Factors Influencing Its Effectiveness

984

(3)

Cell Cycle Concepts

985

(1)

Cell Kinetics

986

(1)

Growth Rate Fraction

986

(1)

Resistance

986

(1)

Toxicity

987

(1)

Therapeutic Strategies With Chemotherapy

987

(5)

Types of Chemotherapy

987

(2)

Routes of Drug Administration

989

(3)

Specific Chemotherapeutic Agents

992

(28)

Alkylating Agents

992

(7)

Antimetabolites

999

(21)

47 Other Anticancer Drugs: Natural Products, Hormones and Antineoplastics

1020

(29)

Natural Products

1020

(15)

Topoisomerase Inhibitors

1020

(1)

Topoisomerase I Inhibitors

1020

(1)

Topoisomerase II Inhibitors

1020

(4)

Mitotic Inhibitors or Vinca Alkaloids

1024

(4)

Antitumor Antibiotics

1028

(5)

Enzymes

1033

(1)

Taxanes

1034

(1)

Hormones

1035

(7)

Adrenocorticosteroids

1035

(3)

Androgens and Estrogens

1038

(2)

Antihormonal and Antiadrenal Agents

1040

(1)

Antiandrogenic Compounds

1040

(1)

Antiestrogenic Compounds

1040

(2)

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs

1042

(1)

Biologic Response Modifiers

1042

(1)

Miscellaneous Agents

1043

(6)

Analog of Somatostatin

1043

(1)

Anastrozole

1044

(1)

Cladribine

1044

(1)

Hydroxyurea

1044

(1)

Levamisole

1044

(1)

Mitotane

1044

(1)

Porfimer Sodium

1045

(1)

Procarbazine

1045

(1)

Tretinoin

1045

(4)

Unit XIV Miscellaneous Drug Families

1049

(66)

48 Parenteral Supplements

1050

(18)

Parenteral Fluids

1050

(18)

Clear Solutions

1050

(8)

Total Parenteral Nutrition

1058

(4)

Blood

1062

(1)

Physiology

1063

(1)

Pathophysiology

1063

(5)

49 Oral Nutritional Supplements

1068

(27)

Nutritional Agents

1068

(1)

Vitamins

1068

(10)

Role of Vitamins

1068

(2)

Vitamin Deficiencies

1070

(1)

Kinds of Vitamins

1070

(2)

Therapeutic Uses

1072

(1)

Preparations

1072

(1)

Adverse Effects

1073

(1)

Drug-Vitamin Interactions

1074

(1)

Responsible Use

1074

(4)

Minerals

1078

(13)

Role of Minerals

1078

(1)

Mineral Deficiencies

1078

(1)

Mineral Actions

1078

(6)

Pharmacokinetic Parameters

1084

(1)

Therapeutic Uses

1085

(1)

Preparations

1085

(1)

Adverse Effects

1085

(1)

Responsible Use

1086

(1)

Health Food Products

1091

(4)

Amino Acids

1091

(2)

Lipids

1093

(1)

Unrefined Products

1093

(2)

50 Diagnostic Drugs

1095

(20)

Ionizing Radiation

1095

(1)

Radiopaque Contrast Media

1096

(5)

Barium Sulfate

1096

(2)

Iodinated Contrast Media

1098

(3)

Agents Used for Volumetric Testing

1101

(8)

Nonradioactive Compounds

1102

(3)

Radioactive Tracers

1105

(4)

Provocative Agents

1109

(3)

Dermal Reactivity Indicators

1112

(3)

APPENDIX A FDA Pregnancy Risk Categories

1115

(1)

APPENDIX B MedWatch

1116

(2)

APPENDIX C Enzymes and Drugs Affecting Enzymes

1118

(3)

Glossary

1121

(6)

Index

1127

(59)

Selected Internet Sites Related to Pharmacology and Drug Therapy

1186

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Clinical Pharmacology and Nursing Management

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials