Clinical Phonetics

A comprehensive introduction to the art and science of applying phonetics to clinical transcription
Clinical Phonetics was written specifically for readers who need to know phonetic knowledge and skills for clinical purposes in speech-language pathology. It covers the basic aspects of the phonetics of American English, including phonetic symbols, articulatory descriptions, and acoustic correlates, but it is unique in offering clinically relevant experience with authentic articulatory descriptions and speech samples from children and adults who have speech disorders or who use regional dialects. A wealth of clinically relevant topics further aids readers in preparing for their own transcription experiences as professionals.

Now featuring the insights and expertise of two new co-authors, the 5th Edition retains its focus on clinical applications while offering more opportunities for clinical transcription, significantly updated content, and an improved organization to maximize clarity and ease of learning.
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Lawrence D. Shriberg, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is Principal Investigator of the Phonology Project, Communicative and Cognitive Sciences Unit, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison. Dr. Shriberg's research is centered on genetic and other origins of pediatric speech sound disorders. Goals of the research using a framework termed the Speech Disorders Classification System are to develop behavioral markers that can be used to identify biomarkers and explicate the causal pathways of pediatric speech sound disorders. Recent emphasis has been on children with speech motor delay and children with apraxia of speech.

Raymond D. Kent, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has authored or edited 19 books, including The Acoustic Analysis of Speech (with Charles Read), Reference Manual for Communicative Sciences and Disorders: Handbook of Voice Quality Measurement (with Martin J. Ball), The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders, and The Speech Sciences. He served as editor of the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, associate founding editor of Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, and associate editor of Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. He currently conducts research on typical and atypical speech development with a clinical focus on children who have cerebral palsy or Down syndrome.

Tara McAllister, Ph.D, is Assistant Professor of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at New York University. She has published more than 30 peer-reviewed articles spanning the disciplines of linguistics and speech-language pathology. Her research aims to understand how articulatory and perceptual factors shape phonological development and disorders. She also directs the Biofeedback Intervention Technology for Speech (BITS) Lab at NYU, which develops and tests tools to provide visual biofeedback for persistent speech sound errors in children.

Jonathan L. Preston, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Syracuse University. He has coauthored more than 35 peer-reviewed publications, primarily focusing on phonetic, phonological, and neurobiological characteristics of children with speech sound disorders. In his current position, he teaches course-work on speech sound disorders, and he conducts research on assessment and treatment of speech sound disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech.

About the Authors   v
Preface   xvii
Chapter 1 Overview of Clinical Phonetics  1  Welcome   1  Clinical Phonetics   1      The Knowledge Domain of Clinical Phonetics   1      The Skill-Based Domain of Clinical Phonetics   2      Conclusion   3  Chapter Summary Exercises   3
Chapter 2 Linguistic Phonetics  5 Language, Speech, and Dialect   5  The Morpheme   6  The Phoneme   7  Spelling versus Phonetic Transcription   7  The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)   8 Phonemes and Allophones   9  Phonetics and Phonology   10  The Syllable   10  Positional and Contextual Terminology for Phonetic Descriptions   11  Conclusion  11 Chapter Summary Exercises   11
Chapter 3 The Three Systems of Speech Production  15  The Respiratory System   15  The Laryngeal System   16  The Supralaryngeal System   18      Velopharynx: Velum and Pharyngeal Walls   19     Jaw   20      Tongue   20      Lips   22  Technologies for the Study of Phonetics   23      X-ray Imaging   23      Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)   24     Electromagnetic Articulography   25      Ultrasound   25      Electropalatography   26      Fiberoptic Endoscopy   26      Aerodynamic Analysis   26      Acoustic Analysis   26  Conclusion   28  Chapter Summary Exercises   28
Chapter 4 Vowels: Monophthongs and Diphthongs  31  Vowel Articulation   31      Tongue Height   32      Tongue Advancement (the Front–Back Dimension of Tongue  Position)   33      Tenseness or Length   34      Lip Configuration   35      Vowel Description: Tongue Height, Tongue Advancement, Tenseness,  and Lip Rounding   37  The Front Vowels   37      Vowel /i/ (He)   38      Vowel /8/ (Hid)   38      Vowel /3/ (Chaotic—First Syllable)   39      Vowel /2/ (Head)   40      Vowel /q/ (Had)   40  The Back Vowels   41      Vowel /u/ (Who)   41      Vowel /7/ (Hook)   42      Vowel /o/ (Hoe)   42      Vowel /9/ (Hall)   43      Vowel /e/ (Hot)   44  The Central Vowels   44      Vowel /4/ (Hub)   45      Vowel /1/ (Above, Sometimes Called Schwa)   46      Vowel /6/ (Her)   46      Vowel /5/ (Mother, Sometimes Called Schwar)   47  Diphthong Articulation   48     Diphthong /e]/ (Bye)   49      Diphthong /9]/ (Boy)   51      Diphthong /e[/ (Bough)   51      Diphthong /3]/ (Bay)   52      Diphthong /o[/ (Bow)   52  R-colored Vowels   53      R-colored Vowel /e r/ (Far)   53      R-colored Vowel /9 r/ (Four)   53      R-colored Vowel /8 r/ (Fear)   54      R-colored Vowel /2 r/ (Fair)   54 Special Notes on the Phonetic Properties of Vowels   55      Some Cautions about Vowel Terminology   55      Tongue and Jaw Interaction   55      Lip and Jaw Interaction   55  Some Common Articulatory Modifications of English  Vowels   57      Nasalization   57      Reduction   57      Other Modifications   58  Allographs of English Vowels   58  Frequency of Occurrence for English Vowels   58  Vowels around the World   59  The Acoustic Properties of Vowels   60      The Vocal Tract as a Resonator   60      Primary Acoustic Properties of Vowels   64  Conclusion   65  Chapter Summary Exercises   65
Chapter 5 Consonants  67  Manner of Articulation   68      Stops   68      Fricatives   69      Affricates   69      Nasals   70      Liquids   70     Glides   71  Place of Articulation   71      Bilabials   72      Labiodentals   73      Interdentals (or Dentals)   74      Alveolars   74      Palatals   77      Velars   79      Glottals   80  The Voicing Contrast   80  Summary of Manner, Place, and Voicing   82      Manner of Articulation   82      Place of Articulation and Voicing   83  Allographs of the Consonant Phonemes of English   85  Frequency of Occurrence and Place of Articulation   85  Summary Classification of Consonants   86  Consonant Acoustics   87      Acoustic Features of Consonant Classes   88      Sounds in Sequence   91  Conclusion   92  Chapter Summary Exercises   92
Chapter 6 Suprasegmentals and Prosody  95  The Units of Prosody   95      Syllables   95 The Prosodic Foot   98      The Intonational Phrase   99      Intonation   99  Stress   100      Lexical Stress   100      Stress beyond the Word Level   102  Timing   103      Tempo   103      Pause (Juncture)   103      Boundary or Edge Effects   103  Timing, Juncture, and Intonation Symbols   104      Lengthened [s iQ]   104      Shortened [w i W]   104       Close Juncture [e] d 8 d 8 t]   104      Open Juncture [1 n e] s + m q n] versus [1 n + e] s m q n]   104      Internal Open Juncture [l 2 t s h 2 l p R j 3] n]   104      Falling Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] T]   105      Rising Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] Y]   105      Checked or Held Juncture [t 7 d 3] U]   105      Selected Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet   105  Paralinguistics   105  Examples of Prosodic Variations   106      Motherese   106      Clear Speech   106      Other Prosodic Variations   106  Role of Prosody in Typical and Atypical Development of Speech  and Language   106  Clinical Assessment of Suprasegmentals   108      Prosody Profile (PROP)   108      Prosody-Voice Screening Profile (PVSP)   108  Profiling Elements of Prosodic Systems—Child Version (PEPS-C)   109  Conclusion   109  Chapter Summary Exercises   109
Chapter 7 Narrow Transcription  111  Coarticulation   111  Uses of Narrow Transcription   112  Conventions for Diacritic Marks in This Text   114  Onglide and Offglide Symbols   114  Nasal Symbols   114      Nasalized [b q! d]   114      Nasal Emission [s@ m e] l]   116      Denasalized [r q# n]   116 Lip Symbols   116      Rounded (or Protruded) Vowel [s w i$ t]   116      Unrounded (or Unprotruded) Vowel [h u% ]   117      Labialized Consonant [k^ w i n]   117      Nonlabialized Consonant [w& i d]   117      Inverted Lip [b* i n]   117  Tongue Symbols   117      Dentalized [w 8 dI ']   117      Palatalized [sO i l]   118      Lateralized [sP l i p]   118      Retroflex (or Rhotacized) [h e r c{ 5]   119      Velarized [f i l}]   119      Fronted or Advanced [p e E t]   120      Retracted [b qA t]   120      Raised [b 2F d]   121      Lowered [h 2G d]   121      Derhotacized [rK 2 d]   121  Sound Source Symbols   122      Partially Voiced [q b sL 1 n t]   122      Partially Devoiced [d 9 g:]   123      Glottalized (or Creaky Voice) [b e" k s]   123      Breathy (or Murmured) [p l 3Z] 8 a]   123      Whistled (or Hissed) [sC i]   124      Trilled [th rV e]]   124  Syllabic Symbol   124  Stop Release Symbols   124      Aspirated [t( e p]   124      Unaspirated [s t) e p]   125      Unreleased [l q p_]   125      Frictionalized (or Spirantized) [s tX e p]   125  Other Symbols   126      Synchronic Tie [d+z u]   126      Unintelligible Syllable [\]   126      Questionable Segment e or =   126  Conclusion   126  Chapter Summary Exercises   126
Chapter 8 Practicing Broad and Narrow Phonetic Transcription  of Children’s Speech  129 
Part A:  Transcription of Vowel Sound Changes   129  Background Information   129  Training Modules   130      Vowels Module 1: Vowel Substitutions   130      Vowels Module 2: Vowel Modifications   130      Vowels Module 3: Central Vowels   130 Vowels Module 4: Vowel Substitutions, Modifications,  and Central Vowels   131  Vowels Module 5: Vowel Additions   131  Vowels Module 6: Vowel Lengthening   132  Vowels Module 7: Vowel Nasalization   132  Vowels Module 8: Summary Quiz   133
Part B:  Transcription of Stop Sound Changes   133  Background Information   133      Description of Stops   133  Training Modules   134      Stops Module 1: Stop Substitutions   134      Stops Module 2: Voicing of Voiceless Stops   134      Stops Module 3: Devoicing of Voiced Stops   135      Stops Module 4: Glottal Stop Substitutions   135      Stops Module 5: Stop Deletions   135      Stops Module 6: Frictionalized Stops   136      Stops Module 7: Summary Quiz   136
Part C:  Transcription of Nasal Sound Changes   136  Background Information   136      Description and Distribution of Nasals   136  Training Modules   137      Nasals Module 1: Nasal Deletions   137      Nasals Module 2: Summary Quiz   137
 Part D:  Transcription of Fricative and Affricate Sound Changes   137  Background Information   138      Description of Fricatives   138      Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence of Fricatives   138  Training Modules   139      Overview   139      Fricatives and Affricates Module 1: /f/ and /v/ Changes   139      Fricatives and Affricates Module 2: /h/ Deletions   139      Fricatives and Affricates Module 3: Voiceless and Voiced  Interdental Changes   140      Fricatives and Affricates Module 4: Fricative and Affricate Voicing Changes   140      Fricatives and Affricates Module 5: Fricative and Affricate Substitutions   140      Fricatives and Affricates Module 6: Dentalized Sibilants   141      Fricatives and Affricates Module 7: Lateralized Sibilants   141      Fricatives and Affricates Module 8: Retroflexed and Palatalized Sibilants   142      Fricatives and Affricates Module 9: Sibilants Quiz   142      Fricatives and Affricates Module 10: Summary Quiz   142
Part E:  Transcription of Glide and Liquid Sound Changes   142  Background Information   142      Description of Glides and Liquids   142      Distribution and Frequency   143  Training Modules   143      Glides and Liquids Module 1: Glide Changes   143      Glides and Liquids Module 2: /l/ Substitutions   143      Glides and Liquids Module 3: Velarized /l/   143      Glides and Liquids Module 4: Derhotacized /r/, /6/, /5/   144      Glides and Liquids Module 5: /r/ Quiz   144      Glides and Liquids Module 6: Velarized /r/   144      Glides and Liquids Module 7: Summary Quiz   145  Grand Quiz   145
Chapter 9 Preparing to Collect and Transcribe Clinical Speech Samples  147  Eliciting and Recording Speech Samples   147      Eliciting the Sample   147      The Recording Environment   148      Recording Equipment   148  Factors that Influence Scoring and Transcription   149      Client Factors   149      Task Factors   150  Approaches to Clinical Transcription and Scoring   151      Transcription and Scoring Systems   151      What Level of Detail Should Be Represented?   151  The Process of Scoring or Transcription   152      Should I Use Video Recording?   152      Should I Use Headphones?   152      Should I Preview the Recording?   152      What if I’m Not Sure What I’m Hearing?   153      How Many Times Should I Listen?   153      What Are Some Strategies for Difficult Words?   153      Some Final Suggestions   154  Conclusion   154
Chapter 10 Phonetics in the Clinical Setting  155  Single-Word Tests of Articulation and Phonology   155  Transcribing Nonwords   156  Two-Way Scoring and Deep Testing   156  Two-Way Scoring in Larger Speech Samples   157      Scoring /s/ in Continuous Speech   157      Scoring Rhotics in Continuous Speech   158  Transcription in Larger Speech Samples   159      Transcribing Imitated Phrases   159      Transcribing Read Sentences   160      Transcribing All Sounds in Continuous Speech   160 Transcribing Children with Motor Speech Disorders   162  Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Single Words   163      Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Words in Phrases   163      Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Sentences   164      Motor Speech Disorders: Conversational Speech   166  Conclusion   167
Chapter 11 Phonetic Variation  169 
Part A:  Phonetic Aspects of Dialect Variation   169 What is Phonetic Variation?   169  Dialect as a Source of Phonetic Variation   170      Studying Dialect   170      Is There a Standard Dialect?   170      Why Do Dialects Differ?   171      Difference versus Disorder   172
Part B:  Regional Dialects of American English   172  Southern Dialect Region   172      Location   172      Major Features   173  Western Dialect Region   174      Location   174      Major Features   174  Midlands Dialect Region   175      Location   175      Major Feature   175  Northern Dialect Regions   176      Location   176      Major Features   176  Dialects of the Northeastern United States   177      Location   177      Major Features   177  Practice Discriminating Regional Variation in Vowels   178  Regional Variation in Consonants   178  International Englishes   179
Part C:  Beyond Regional Dialects   180  African American English   180      Origins of AAE   181      Features of AAE   182  L1-Influenced English   184      Working with Speakers from Unfamiliar Language Backgrounds   184      Spanish-Influenced English   185      Features of Spanish-Influenced English   185 Conclusion   187  Further Reading   188  Other Resources   188 Transcription Exercises  189 Appendix A Phonetics Symbols and Terms  309 Appendix B  Distributional, Structural, and Proportional Occurrence Data for American English Sounds, Syllables, and Words  317 Glossary  325 Answers to Exercises  333  References  345  Index  353