Clinical Psychology : A Modern Health Profession

Chapter Organization

Describing the profession

The challenges and responsibilities of four different psychologists
A Clinical Psychology student
Clinical Psychologist A - working in a general hospital setting
Clinical Psychologist B - working in a private practice setting

Clinical Psychologist C - working in an academic setting

Practice realities in Clinical Psychology

Conclusion

• Chapter 2

Chapter objective

Considerations for career planning

Concrete planning steps

Maximizing your academic preparation and building the best

Possible application package for graduate training

Application Forms

Grade Point Averages

Graduate Record Examination (GRE)

The statement of interest

Letters of reference

Research or clinical experience?

Timing Issues

Surviving graduate school

Getting licensed

Getting the most of graduate school

Post-doctoral training

Getting licensed

Conclusions

• Chapter 3

Chapter Objective

Chapter Organization

Properties of psychological tests

Reliability

Validity

How should tests be described with respect to their

reliability and validity?

Measuring change in therapy

Methods used to learn about therapy outcome:

Case studies

Therapy outcome research

Qualitative research

Program Evaluation

• Chapter 4

Objectives

Setting the tone

Defining what ethical behavior is

Our Profession’s Commitment to Ethical Standards of Practice

Legal facts and Ethics

Practice Guidelines/Codes of Conduct

Custody and Access Reports: necessary and contentious

Codes of Ethics

General Principles

Conclusion

• Chapter 5

Objective of This Chapter

Vignettes 1-4

Psychological Problems that Clinical Psychologists Focus On

Defining Psychological Problems

Statistical or Normative Approach

Subjective Interpretation (psychological pain)

Judgments of Maladaptive Functioning

Issues in Defining Psychological Problems

Some Concepts in Defining Psychological Problems

Sign

Symptom

Syndrome

Mental Disorder

Psychological Problems: What processes are affected?

Emotions and Emotional Regulation

Thoughts/Cognitions, Intellectual Functioning, Information Processing

Perceptions

Interpersonal Processes

Regulatory or Coping Behavior

Development

Environment

Conceptualizations of Psychological Problems

Philosophical underpinnings of Orientations to Psychopathology

Symptom as Focus

Underlying Cause as Focus

Current Conceptualizations of Psychopathology

Diagnostic Classification Systems

Descriptions

Communication

Research

Theory Development

Treatment

Education

Insurance and Reimbursement

Epidemiological Information

Specific Current Classification Systems

International Classification of Diseases — 10

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4^{th Ed Text Revision}

The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual

The Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics

Summary

Ongoing Considerations

Key Terms Learned

Thinking Questions

• Chapter 6

Objective of This Chapter

Vignettes 1-3

What is Psychological Assessment?

Psychological Testing versus Psychological Assessment

Psychological Assessment in Practice and Training

Purpose of Assessment

The Tools of Psychological Assessment

Types of Psychological Assessment

Psychodiagnostic Assessment

Intellectual/Cognitive

Behavioral

Health

Psychophysiological

Rehabilitative

Forensic

Goals of Assessment

Problem Explication

Formulation

Prognosis

Treatment Issues and Recommendations

Provision of Therapeutic Context

Communication of Findings

Research

Importance of Context

Interpretation, Decision Making, and Prediction

Qualitative or Actuarial Approach

Clinical Judgment or Subjective Approach

Clinical Decision Making and Errors in Judgment

Base Rate Issue

Barnum Effect

Illusory Correlation

Preconceived Ideas and Confirmatory Bias

Inappropriate Use of Heuristics

Summary

Ongoing Considerations

Key Words Learned

Thinking Questions

• Chapter 7

Objective of This Chapter

Psychodiagnostic Assessment

What are the tests and tools used in psychodiagnostic assessment?

Clinical Interviews

Unstructured Interviews

Pros of Unstructured Interviews

Cons of Unstructured Interviews

Structured Interviews

Pros of Structured Interviews

Cons of Unstructured Interviews

Objective Tests: Self-Report Inventories

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2

Validity Scales

Clinical Scales

Interpretation

Reliability and Validity

Pros of MMPI-2

Cons of MMPI-2

MMPI-A

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventories

Pros of the MCMI-III

Cons of the MCMI-III

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

Rating Scales

Projectives

Rorschach Inkblot Technique

Reliability and Validity

Pros of the RIT

Cons of the RIT

Thematic Apperception Test (Technique)

Reliability and Validity

Pros of the TAT

Cons of the TAT

Drawing Tasks

Reliability and Validity

Pros of the Drawing Tasks

Cons of the Drawing Tasks

Summary

Key Terms Learned

Ongoing Considerations

Thinking Questions

• Chapter 8

Intellectual Assessment

Purpose of Intellectual Assessment

Domains Assessed in Intellectual Assessment

G Model or the Psychometric Approach

Multiple Intelligences

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

What is IQ?

Intelligence Tests

Stanford-Binet Scale

Stanford-Binet 5 (SB-5)

Wechsler Scales of Intelligence

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV)

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III (WPPSII-II)

Interpreting and Using Intelligence Test Scores

Clinical Neuropsychology and Neuropsychological Evaluations

Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment

Assumptions Underlying Neuropsychological Assessment

Domains Important to Assess

How is a Neuropsychological Evaluation Done?

Neuropsychological Tests: Fixed Batteries

Halstead Reitan

Pros of the Halstead Reitan

Cons of the Halstead Reitan

Luria Nebraska

NEPSY-III: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment

Neuropsychological Testing: Process Approach

Summary

Key Terms Learned

Ongoing Considerations

Thought Questions

 

• Chapter 9

Chapter objectives

Behavioral Assessment

Rationale and basic principles

Validity and ethics in implementation and interpretation

What can be done to maximize the usefulness of observations? Tips for strengthening observational methods

Self-Monitoring

Summary

Biological Assessment

Physiological systems

Measurement of physiological activity
Reliability and validity

Application

Summary

Conclusion

• Chapter 10

Objective

Defining Psychotherapy

The Therapy Environment

Homework assignments

Therapy length

Multi-client therapy

Elements in the process of therapy

The Client

The Therapist

The Technique

The Alliance

Typical presenting problems

The therapeutic relationship

Cultural competence in clinical psychology

Conclusion

• Chapter 11

Objective of this chapter

Psychoanalysis

Terminology

How Common is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic Treatment?

General Principles of the Theoretical Models Underlying Psychoanalytic Treatment

Primary Assumptions and Principles of Psychoanalytic Treatment

Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory

Phases of Classical Psychoanalysis

Ego Psychology

Object Relations Theory

Self Psychology Theory

Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapies

Goals of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

Psychoanalytic Treatment

Vehicles for Behavior Change in Psychoanalytic Treatment

New Issues in the Field

Person Centered Therapy

Theory

Person-centered psychotherapy

Empathy

Unconditional Positive Regard

Genuineness

Systems Therapies

Theory

Specific Systems Therapy Approaches

Summary

Ongoing controversies

Key terms learned

Thinking questions

• Chapter 12

Behavior therapy

Roots and underlying theory

Ethical considerations

Punishment

Reinforcement

Concluding observations

Cognitive therapy

Two major proponents: Ellis and Beck

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Biofeedback/Relaxation/Stress management

Biofeedback

Relaxation/Self-regulation methods

Summary & conclusion

Stress management

A model of the stress process: Major components & moderating variables

Conclusion

Emotion-focused therapy

Motivational interviewing

Dialectical behavior therapy

• Chapter 13

Chapter objective
Methods
A brief history of therapy outcome research

What questions are meta-analytic reviews trying to answer?
What has been learned from existing meta-analyses?
Cost effectiveness of psychological therapies
Controversies around knowledge translation from therapy outcome research
Conclusion

• Chapter 14

Chapter objective
Defining treatment specificity
Hypnosis
Description and rationale
Hypnotic susceptibility
Understanding and measuring hypnotic trance
The method
Treatment outcome
Summary of hypnosis

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Description, rationale & method
Treatment outcome
Summary of EMDR
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Description, rationale & method
Treatment outcome
Summary of ACT
Mindfulness meditation (MM)
Roots, rationale & procedure
The method
Treatment outcome
Summary of MM
Revisiting claims of uniqueness and specificity

Conclusion

• Chapter 15

Chapter objectives

Developmental stages and childhood psychopathology

Ethical challenges

Impact of development on assessment

Intervention

Behavior Therapy

Play Therapy

Systems Therapy

Overview of Treatment Outcome

The example of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Conclusion

• Chapter 16

Objective of this chapter

What is Forensic Psychology?

Forensic Psychology Today

The Clinical Forensic Psychologist

Police Psychology

Crime and Delinquency

Victimology

Correctional Psychology

Psychology and Law or Legal Psychology

Differences between Traditional Clinical Psychology and Forensic Psychology Practice

Tasks of the Clinical Forensic Psychologist

Assessment

Forensic Assessment Tools

Forensically Relevant Assessment Tools

Clinical Measures and Assessment Techniques

Treatment

Treatment of Perpetrators of Crime

Treatment of Victims of Crime

Treatment of Workers in the Field

Consultation and Opinions

Lie Detection

Summary

Ongoing controversies

Key terms learned

Thinking questions

• Chapter 17

Chapter objective

Understanding Health and the Causation of Diseases

Early Life Influences and Health

Prevention and Management of Chronic Disease

Adherence

Pain

Working with Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Hypertension

Chronic Heart Failure

Heart Transplantation

Restenosis

Working with Cancer Patients

Conclusion

• Chapter 18

Chapter objectives
A clinical case scenario

The language of pharmacology: Important concepts
Frequently used terms and abbreviations
Types of psychopharmacological medication and areas of application
How arrival of the Internet has changed clinical practice
Some sobering, real-world considerations
Should psychologists have drug prescription privileges?
Conclusion

• Chapter 19

Chapter objective

Changes in health care

Clinical Training

Prescription privileges

Clinical Psychology, computers and the web

Research in Clinical Psychology

Positive psychology and spirituality

Conclusion