Clouds of Secrecy The Army's Germ Warfare

In the 1970s, Americans learned that for decades they had been unsuspecting guinea pigs in a series of astonishing experiments conducted by the U.S. Army. Military researchers had been secretly spraying clouds of bacteria over populated areas in order to study America's vulnerability to biological weapons. No precautions were taken to protect the millions of people exposed, despite known risks to their health.

Leonard A. Cole teaches political science at Rutgers University, Newark, in the program on Science, Technology, and Society

Foreword	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
Overview
Clouds of Secrecy: Introduction	p. 3
Infecting the Enemy: Biological Warfare in the Past, and the Road to Testing	p. 11
Tests and Legacies
Living near Gruinard Island	p. 23
Fort Detrick's Mysteries	p. 32
The Army's Germ Warfare Simulants: How Dangerous Are They?	p. 44
Airborne in the U.S.A.: Open Air Vulnerability Tests in Minneapolis, St. Louis, and the New York City Subway System	p. 59
The Government on Trial
Edward Nevin and the Spraying of San Francisco	p. 75
The Trial	p. 85
New Fears, Old Responses
Terror or Error: The Yellow Rain Puzzle	p. 107
Engineering Genes for Defense: Recombinant DNA Technology and Biological Warfare	p. 121
Return to Testing: Field Experiments, the Dugway Issue, and Ethical Questions	p. 136
Worries and Ambiguities	p. 152
Appendices
Excerpts: "Information for Members of Congress: U.S. Army Activities in the U.S. Biological Warfare Program," March 8, 1977	p. 163
Excerpts: Army report included in Hearings before the Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, March 8 and May 23, 1977	p. 167
Excerpts: Reports by Dr. Stephen Weitzman and Dr. J. Mehsen Joseph that refute the army's contentions about the safety of its testing program over populated areas	p. 169
Excerpts: Current open air testing from "Biological Defense Program," a report by the Department of Defense, May 1986	p. 175
Index	p. 181
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Clouds of Secrecy The Army's Germ Warfare Tests Over Populated Areas

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