Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access

Cognitive Radio for Dynamic Spectrum Access gives a comprehensive overview of the main concepts behind radio spectrum regulation, dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio. Spectrum measurements are introduced to illustrate the inefficiencies in today's spectrum usage and the book also discusses enablers for horizontal and vertical spectrum sharing. Among others a game-theory-based approach for spectrum sharing is described and evaluated. Institution and standardisation approaches in academic research and industry are highlighted including IEEE SCC41, 802.11k/n/s/y and 802.22 which lead towards commercial exploitation of cognitive radio. In conclusion, this book looks at the initial steps towards the vision of true cognitive radio and the potential impact on telecommunication business. Introduces the benefits and challenges of cognitive radio Presents cognitive radio in research and industry and covers implications for operators from the perspective of a telecom operator Examines how cognitive radio techniques will considerably change the wireless communication market.

Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold both contribute to research programs, standardization and industry innovations in the field of dynamic spectrum access, cognitive radio, and IEEE 802 standards. Together they have filed numerous journal and magazine articles, patents, and contributions to research conferences and workshops. They both consult government organizations such as the European Commission in steering related research programs.

Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold have been delivering tutorials on cognitive radio at various research conferences such as IEEE PIMRC and the European Wireless Conference. As alumni from RWTH Aachen University, Germany, Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold graduated at the Chair of Communication Networks, ComNets, with Professor Bernhard H. Walke as PhD advisor. Their PhD theses (both awarded summa cum laude) are today considered to be important early research contributions to the field and are in the highest ranks in the number of downloads from the University’s download servers. Together with Professor Walke, Drs Berlemann and Mangold coedited the Wiley book IEEE 802 Wireless Systems: Protocols, Multi-Hop Mesh/Relaying, Performance and Spectrum Coexistence which was published in November 2006.

Lars Berlemann is product manager in the product and innovation department of Deutsche Telekom, Germany. Stefan Mangold is manager at Swisscom, Switzerland, leading the access team of the product IT development group of Swisscom Network & IT. They both work for companies that operate mobile, fixed, and broadcast networks, and in addition provide services with excellent customer focus. Consequently, Drs Berlemann and Mangold understand and exploit the synergies between academic research focusing on excellence, and industry innovations focusing on commercial exploitation.

Lars Berlemann and Stefan Mangold share and disseminate what they learn. In parallel with their employment, they enjoy working with students. Lars Berlemann is guest lecturer at the Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany. Stefan Mangold is with ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Computer Science, where he works as lecturer and visiting scientist. In addition to his scientific engineering background, Lars Berlemann holds a diploma in Business and Economics from RWTH Aachen. The comments and statements made in this book are from the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of their employers.

List of Figures	p. ix
List of Tables	p. xvii
About the Authors	p. xix
Foreword	p. xxi
Preface	p. xxiii
Acknowledgments	p. xxvii
Abbreviations	p. xxix
Introduction	p. 1
Access to Radio Spectrum	p. 1
Artificial Spectrum Scarcity from Unexploited Frequencies	p. 2
Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access as Solution	p. 4
This Book	p. 4
Radio Spectrum Today - Regulation and Spectrum Usage	p. 7
History and Terminology	p. 8
The Four Basic Approaches for Radio Spectrum Regulation	p. 8
Guiding Principles	p. 9
Institutions that Regulate Radio Spectrum	p. 10
International Telecommunication Union, ITU	p. 10
Europe	p. 10
Germany	p. 11
United Kingdom	p. 12
Japan	p. 12
PR China	p. 13
United States of America	p. 13
Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum	p. 14
The Disadvantages of Spectrum Licensing	p. 14
Unlicensed Spectrum as an Alternative	p. 15
Tragedy of Commons in Unlicensed Spectrum	p. 18
Spectrum Measurements	p. 19
Radio Spectrum Tomorrow - Dynamic Spectrum Access and Spectrum Sharing	p. 23
Spectrum Sharing and Dynamic Spectrum Access: Concepts and Terminology	p. 23
Spectrum Trading and Spectrum Liberalization	p. 24
Underlay and Overlay Spectrum Sharing	p. 25
Vertical and Horizontal Spectrum Sharing	p. 30
Coexistence, Coordination and Cooperation	p. 31
Horizontal Spectrum Sharing	p. 31
Coexistence	p. 31
Centralized Spectrum Coordination for Horizontal Sharing	p. 33
Spectrum Sharing Games	p. 34
Vertical Spectrum Sharing	p. 35
Reuse of TV Bands for Vertical Spectrum Sharing	p. 35
Spectrum Pooling and a Common Control for Vertical Spectrum Sharing	p. 37
Operator-assistance in Vertical Spectrum Sharing	p. 38
Spectrum Load Smoothing for Vertical Spectrum Sharing	p. 38
Taxonomy for Spectrum Sharing	p. 38
Towards Cognitive Radio - Research and Standardization	p. 41
Research Programs and Projects	p. 41
DARPA Next Generation Communications Program, XG	p. 42
National Science Foundation's Project GENI	p. 42
European Project E3	p. 43
European Project WINNER+	p. 43
European Project Wip	p. 43
European Project SOCRATES	p. 44
European Project ROCKET	p. 44
European Project ORACLE	p. 44
IEEE Coordination, and the Coexistence Advisory Group IEEE 802.19	p. 46
IEEE SCC41/P1900	p. 46
IEEE P1900.1	p. 46
IEEE P1900.2	p. 46
IEEE P1900.3	p. 47
IEEE P1900.4	p. 47
IEEE P1900.5	p. 47
Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Networks IEEE 802.11	p. 48
IEEE 802.11k for Radio Resource Measurements	p. 48
IEEE 802.11n for High Throughput	p. 51
IEEE 802.11s for Mesh Networks	p. 56
IEEE 802.11y for High Power Wi-Fi	p. 60
WiMAX Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks IEEE 802.16	p. 62
IEEE 802.16.2 Coexistence	p. 62
IEEE 802.16h License Exempt	p. 62
IEEE 802.22 for Wireless Rural Area Networks	p. 63
Other Standardization Activities	p. 66
White Spaces Coalition and Wireless Innovation Alliance	p. 66
The New America Foundation and Open Spectrum	p. 67
SDR Forum	p. 68
Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP	p. 68
European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI	p. 68
Academic Research Conferences and Workshops	p. 69
Proposed Enablers for Realizing Horizontal Spectrum Sharing	p. 71
IEEE 802.11 in Unlicensed Spectrum	p. 71
Overview	p. 72
Physical Layer	p. 73
Medium Access Control	p. 74
Learning from 802.11	p. 78
IEEE 802.16 in Unlicensed Spectrum	p. 78
Coexistence Scenario	p. 79
Protecting the Beginning of 802.16 MAC Frame	p. 80
Protecting the 802.16 UL Subframe	p. 81
Shifting the Contention Slots	p. 81
Quality of Service, Efficiency, and Fairness	p. 82
Policies in Spectrum Usage	p. 82
Policy Framework	p. 83
Spectrum Navigation	p. 84
Reasoning Based Spectrum Navigation	p. 85
Policy Language	p. 85
Spectrum Sharing Games	p. 87
Related Work	p. 89
802.11e Coexistence Scenario	p. 89
Game Overview	p. 91
Single Stage Game for Frame Based Interaction	p. 92
Quality-of-service as Utility	p. 93
Analytic Game Model	p. 102
Behavior	p. 110
Equilibrium Analysis	p. 117
Multi Stage Game Model	p. 121
Discounting of Future Payoffs	p. 121
Strategies	p. 122
Nash Equilibrium in Multi Stage Games	p. 125
QoS Evaluation of Strategies	p. 129
Game Approach as Policy	p. 136
Learning from Spectrum Sharing Games	p. 144
Proposed Enablers for Realizing Vertical Spectrum Sharing	p. 145
Frequency Division Duplex for Wi-Fi: FDD WLANs	p. 145
Operator Assisted Cognitive Radio with Beaconing	p. 147
Existing Standard Beaconing Concepts	p. 148
What is a Beacon?	p. 148
Improved Signaling Mechanism with Dual Beacons	p. 149
Beacon Implementation in IEEE 802.11	p. 149
Evaluation	p. 150
Dual Beaconing for the Reuse of TV Bands as Policy	p. 154
Spectrum Load Smoothing	p. 157
Related Work	p. 157
Enabling Cognitive Radios	p. 158
Spectrum Load Smoothing in the Time Domain	p. 162
Initial Simulations and Convergence Experiments	p. 166
Modeling Spectrum Load Smoothing in Spectrum Sharing Scenarios	p. 170
QoS Support in IEEE 802.11e Coexistence Scenarios	p. 172
SLS with Reservations - Approach to the Reuse of TV Bands	p. 174
SLS Without Reservations - Opportunistic Spectrum Usage Scenario	p. 176
Evaluation of QoS Capabilities	p. 178
Spectrum Load Smoothing as Policy	p. 183
Learning from the Spectrum Load Smoothing Approach	p. 187
Our Vision - True Cognitive Radio	p. 189
Mitola's Cognition Circle and Related Cognitive Radio Definitions	p. 189
Cognitive Radios Can Gain from Delay-tolerant Software Radio	p. 192
DARPA XG Provides Implementation Guidelines, Including the Access Protocol	p. 193
Traceable Decision Making	p. 193
Machine-understandable Radio Semantics	p. 194
Spectrum Etiquette May Stimulate Cognitive Behavior	p. 203
What is Spectrum Etiquette?	p. 203
Value Orientation	p. 204
Network Operators May Assist Dynamic Spectrum Access	p. 205
Business Opportunities	p. 205
Concluding Remarks	p. 209

	p. 211
	p. 213
References	p. 217
Index	p. 227
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access

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