Communication : Making Connections

, by Seiler, William J.; Beall, Melissa L.

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ISBN: 9780205335428 | 020533542X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/1/2001

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Boxed Features

xvi

Preface

xix

PART ONE Making Connections Through Communication

Connecting Process and Principles

(30)

What is Communication?

(3)

Why Should We Study Communication?

(5)

Communication and Career Development

(1)

Communication and Ethical Behavior

(1)

Communication and Our Multicultural Society

(2)

Communication and Our Technological Society

(1)

Principles of Communication

(4)

Communication Is a Process

(1)

Communication Is a System

(1)

Communication Is Interactional and Transactional

(1)

Communication Can Be Intentional or Unintentional

(1)

Essential Components of Communication

(6)

Source

(1)

Message

(1)

Interference

(1)

Channel

(1)

Receiver

(1)

Feedback

(2)

Environment

(1)

Context

(1)

Types of Communication

(3)

Intrapersonal Communication

(1)

Interpersonal Communication

(1)

Public Communication

(1)

Misconceptions About Communication

(1)

Communication Is a Cure-All

(1)

Quantity Means Quality

(1)

Meaning Is in the Words We Use

(1)

We Have a Natural Ability to Communicate

(1)

Myth 5: Communication Is Reversible

(1)

Improving Communication Competence

(1)

Summary

(2)

Discussion Starters

(1)

Answers and Explanations

(1)

Notes

(1)

Connecting Perceptions and Communication

(26)

Understanding Perception

(1)

Awareness

(1)

Cognitive Process

(1)

Language

(1)

The Perception Process

(7)

Selection

(1)

Organization

(2)

Interpretation

(3)

Perceptual Differences

(9)

Perceptual Set

(2)

Attribution Error

(1)

Physical Characteristics

(1)

Psychological State

(1)

Cultural Background

(3)

Gender

(1)

Media

(1)

Improving Perception Competencies

(3)

Become an Active Perceiver

(1)

Recognize That Each Person's Frame of Reference Is Unique

(1)

Distinguish Facts from Inferences

(1)

Recognize That People, Objects, and Situations Change

(1)

Become Aware of the Role Perceptions Play in Communication

(1)

Keep an Open Mind

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Starters

(1)

Answers and Explanations

(1)

Notes

(1)

Connecting Self and Communication

(24)

Self-Concept and Its Connection to Communication

(18)

Self-Concept as a Process

(1)

Development of Self-Concept

(4)

The Hierarchy of Self-Concept

(2)

Communication and Self-Concept

(1)

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Impression Management

(1)

Culture and Self-Concept

(2)

Gender and Self-Concept

(5)

Improving the Self-Concept

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Starters

(1)

Notes

(2)

Connecting Through Verbal Communication

(32)

The Importance of Language

(3)

Language Is Powerful

(1)

Language Affects Thought

(2)

The Elements of Language

(8)

Sounds

(1)

Words

(1)

Grammar

(2)

Meaning

(6)

Language-Based Barriers to Communication

(10)

Meanings Can Be Misunderstood

(2)

Language Can Shape Our Attitudes

(1)

Language Can Cause Polarization

(1)

Language Can Be Sexist

100

(3)

Culture Affects Language Use

103

(2)

How to Use Language Effectively

105

(5)

Use Accurate Language

105

(1)

Use Vivid Language

106

(1)

Use Immediate Language

107

(2)

Use Appropriate Language

109

(1)

Use Metaphorical Language

109

(1)

Summary

110

(2)

Discussion Starters

112

(1)

Notes

112

(2)

Connecting Through Nonverbal Communication

114

(32)

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

117

(3)

Nonverbal Communication Occurs Constantly

117

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Depends on Context

117

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Is More Believable Than Verbal Communication

118

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Is a Primary Means of Expression

118

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Is Related to Culture

119

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous

119

(1)

Types of Nonverbal Communication

120

(15)

Facial Expressions and Body Movements

121

(5)

Physical Characteristics

126

(2)

Touch

128

(2)

Space

130

(2)

Time

132

(1)

Paralanguage

133

(1)

Artifacts

134

(1)

Environment

134

(1)

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

135

(3)

Complementing Verbal Behavior

135

(1)

Repeating Verbal Behavior

136

(1)

Regulating Verbal Behavior

136

(1)

Substituting for Verbal Behavior

136

(1)

Deceiving

137

(1)

Interpreting Nonverbal Communication

138

(3)

Improving Our Interpretation of Nonverbal Communication

139

(1)

Improving the Nonverbal Communication We Send

139

(2)

Summary

141

(2)

Discussion Starters

143

(1)

Notes

143

(3)

Connecting Listening and Thinking in the Communication Process

146

(22)

The Importance of Effective Listening

148

(2)

Listening and Hearing: Is There a Difference?

150

(1)

The Stages of Effective Listening

151

(4)

Hearing

151

(1)

Selecting

151

(1)

Attending

152

(1)

Understanding

152

(1)

Evaluating

153

(1)

Remembering

153

(1)

Responding: Sending Feedback

154

(1)

The Functions of Listening

155

(2)

Listening to Obtain Information

156

(1)

Listening to Evaluate

156

(1)

Listening with Empathy

156

(1)

Listening for Enjoyment

157

(1)

Barriers to Effective Listening

157

(3)

Considering the Topic or Speaker Uninteresting

157

(1)

Criticizing the Speaker Instead of the Message

157

(1)

Concentrating on Details, Not Main Ideas

158

(1)

Avoiding Difficult Listening Situations

158

(1)

Tolerating or Failing to Adjust to Distractions

158

(1)

Faking Attention

159

(1)

Critical Listening and Critical Thinking: Analyzing and Evaluating Messages

160

(3)

Assessing the Speaker's Motivation

161

(1)

Judging the Accuracy of the Speaker's Conclusions

162

(1)

Improving Listening Competence

163

(1)

Listening and Technology

164

(1)

Summary

165

(1)

Discussion Starters

166

(1)

Notes

166

(2)

PART TWO Connecting in the Public Context

Selecting a Topic and Relating to the Audience

168

(30)

Selecting a Speech Topic

172

(8)

Selecting an Appropriate Topic

172

(2)

Techniques for Finding a Topic

174

(5)

Assessing the Appropriateness of a Topic

179

(1)

Narrowing the Topic

179

(1)

Determining the General Purpose, Specific Purpose, and Thesis of a Speech

180

(5)

The General Purpose

180

(2)

The Specific Purpose

182

(2)

The Thesis

184

(1)

Relating to the Audience

185

(10)

Understanding the Audience's Point of View

186

(1)

Captive Versus Voluntary Participants

186

(1)

Key Audience Information

187

(5)

Ways to Learn About the Audience

192

(3)

Summary

195

(1)

Discussion Starters

196

(1)

Notes

197

(1)

Gathering and Using Information

198

(24)

Gathering Information

200

(8)

Using Yourself as a Source of Information

200

(1)

The Interview as a Source of Information

200

(3)

The Library as a Source of Information

203

(1)

Electronic Information Sources

204

(2)

Surfing the Web: The Internet as a Source of Information

206

(2)

Suggestions for Doing Research

208

(1)

Using Research to Support and Clarify Ideas

209

(11)

Testimony

211

(2)

Examples

213

(3)

Definitions

216

(1)

Statistics

217

(3)

Summary

220

(1)

Discussion Starters

221

(1)

Notes

221

(1)

Organizing and Outlining Your Speech

222

(36)

Organize the Body of Your Speech

224

(11)

Develop the Main Points

224

(4)

Order the Main Points

228

(5)

Connect the Main Points

233

(2)

Support the Main Points

235

(1)

Organize the Introduction of Your Speech

235

(6)

Orient the Audience to the Topic

235

(3)

Motivate the Audience to Listen

238

(1)

Forecast the Main Points

238

(3)

Organize the Conclusion of Your Speech

241

(2)

Show That You Are Finishing the Speech

242

(1)

Make Your Thesis Clear

242

(1)

Review the Main Points

242

(1)

End with a Memorable Thought

242

(1)

Outline Your Speech

243

(12)

The Preliminary Outline

245

(1)

The Full-Content Outline

246

(4)

The Presentational Outline

250

(5)

Summary

255

(1)

Discussion Starters

256

(1)

Answers and Explanations

256

(1)

Notes

257

(1)

Managing Anxiety and Delivering Your Speech

258

(38)

Qualities of Effective Speakers

260

(3)

Ethics

260

(1)

Knowledge

261

(1)

Preparation

262

(1)

Self-Confidence

263

(1)

Managing Speech Anxiety

263

(8)

Communication Apprehension

264

(1)

Symptoms of Speech Anxiety

264

(1)

Causes of Speech Anxiety

265

(2)

Speech Anxiety and Other Cultures

267

(1)

Treating Speech Anxiety

268

(3)

Methods of Delivery

271

(5)

Impromptu Delivery

273

(1)

Manuscript Delivery

274

(1)

Memorized Delivery

274

(1)

Extemporaneous Delivery

275

(1)

Vocal and Physical Aspects of Delivery

276

(8)

Vocal Aspects

276

(4)

Physical Aspects

280

(4)

Presentational Aids

284

(9)

Choosing and Using Presentational Aids

284

(1)

Kinds of Presentational Aids

285

(4)

Methods of Presentation

289

(2)

Computer-Generated Presentational Aids

291

(1)

Developing Presentational Aids

292

(1)

Polishing Your Delivery

293

(1)

Summary

293

(1)

Discussion Starters

294

(1)

Notes

295

(1)

Informative Speaking

296

(30)

Information and Power

298

(2)

Distinctions Between Informative and Persuasive Speaking

300

(1)

Topics for Informative Speeches

300

(5)

Objects

302

(1)

Processes

303

(1)

Events

303

(1)

Concepts

304

(1)

Preparing and Developing an Informative Speech

305

(10)

Gain and Maintain Audience Attention

305

(2)

Increase Understanding of the Topic

307

(5)

Hints for Effective Informative Speaking

312

(3)

Evaluating the Informative Speech

315

(3)

Topic

315

(1)

General Requirements

316

(1)

Audience Analysis

316

(1)

Supporting Materials

316

(1)

Organization

317

(1)

Delivery

318

(1)

Language Choice

318

(1)

A Sample Informative Speech with Commentary

318

(5)

Analysis and Evaluation

322

(1)

Summary

323

(1)

Discussion Starters

324

(1)

Notes

324

(1)

Appendix: Informative Speech Topics

325

(1)

Persuasive Speaking

326

(34)

The Goal of Persuasive Speaking

328

(3)

Topics for Persuasive Speeches

331

(4)

Questions of Fact

332

(1)

Questions of Value

333

(1)

Questions of Policy

334

(1)

Persuasive Claims

335

(2)

Establishing Credibility

337

(2)

Competence

337

(1)

Character

337

(1)

Charisma

338

(1)

Becoming Effective Consumers of Persuasion

339

(1)

Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech

340

(5)

Researching the Topic

341

(1)

Organizing the Speech

341

(1)

Supporting Materials

341

(4)

Persuasive Strategies

345

(1)

Fallacies in Argument Development

345

(3)

Fallacies of Reason

345

(1)

Fallacies of Evidence

346

(2)

Evaluating the Persuasive Speech

348

(3)

Topic

348

(1)

General Requirements

348

(1)

Audience Analysis

348

(1)

Supporting Materials

348

(1)

Organization

349

(1)

Delivery

349

(1)

Language Choice

350

(1)

A Sample Persuasive Speech with Commentary

351

(5)

Analysis and Evaluation

355

(1)

Summary

356

(2)

Discussion Starters

358

(1)

Notes

358

(1)

Appendix: Persuasive Speech Topics

359

(1)

PART THREE Connecting in Relational Contexts

Interpersonal Communication

360

(28)

Interpersonal Communication

362

(1)

The Motivation to Communicate and Form Relationships

363

(6)

Schutz's Theory of Interpersonal Needs

364

(4)

Social Exchange Theory

368

(1)

Relationships: Getting to Know Others and Ourselves

369

(6)

Learning About Others Through Online Relationships

369

(1)

Learning About Others Through Face-to-Face Relationships

370

(4)

Learning About Ourselves

374

(1)

Self-Disclosure in Relationships

375

(10)

The Process of Self-Disclosure: The Johari Window

376

(2)

Self-Disclosure and Social Penetration Theory

378

(1)

Motivation to Self-Disclose

379

(1)

Rhetorical Sensitivity

380

(1)

Self-Disclosure and Privacy

381

(1)

Cultural and Gender Issues in Self-Disclosure

382

(1)

General Conclusions About Self-disclosure

383

(2)

Summary

385

(1)

Discussion Starters

386

(1)

Notes

386

(2)

Developing Relationships

388

(34)

Forming and Dissolving Relationships

390

(17)

Interpersonal Attraction

390

(1)

The Need to Associate

391

(1)

Physical Attributes

392

(2)

Coming Together on the Internet

394

(1)

Knapp's Stages of Coming Together

394

(3)

Knapp's Stages of Coming Apart

397

(5)

Duck's Phases of Dissolution

402

(4)

Dialectical Theory: Push and Pull

406

(1)

Interpersonal Conflict

407

(8)

Conflict: The Major Causes

408

(1)

Conflict: Destructive and Constructive

409

(1)

Conflict Management: Some Useful Strategies

410

(4)

Signs That Show a Relationship Is in Trouble

414

(1)

Relational Repair Strategies

414

(1)

Improving Communication in Relationships

415

(2)

Establish Supporting and Caring Relationships

415

(1)

Nurture a Supportive Environment

416

(1)

Invite More Communication

417

(1)

Summary

417

(2)

Discussion Starters

419

(1)

Notes

419

(3)

Group and Team Communication

422

(24)

Small Group Communication: Making the Connection

424

(1)

What Is a Group?

425

(1)

Group Formation: Why Do People Join Groups?

426

(1)

Purposes of Small Group Communication

427

(2)

Social Purposes

428

(1)

Task-Related Purposes

428

(1)

Project or Work Teams

429

(2)

Characteristics of Small Groups

431

(8)

Interdependence

432

(1)

Commitment

433

(1)

Cohesiveness

433

(3)

Group Size

436

(1)

Norms

437

(1)

Group Culture

437

(1)

Disadvantages of Small Groups

438

(1)

Gender Differences in Group Communication

439

(1)

Ethical Behavior in Group Communication

440

(1)

Technology and Groups

441

(1)

Summary

442

(2)

Discussion Starters

444

(1)

Notes

444

(2)

Participating in Groups and Teams

446

(1)

Team Building

447

(2)

Setting Goals

448

(1)

Determining Roles

448

(1)

Developing Identity

448

(1)

Leadership

449

(5)

Leading a Group

449

(1)

Leadership Styles

450

(3)

Leadership and Gender Differences

453

(1)

Member Participation

454

(3)

Roles of Group Members

454

(1)

Contributions of Group Members

455

(2)

Conducting a Meeting

457

(1)

Problem Solving and Decision Making

458

(6)

Determining the Problem

459

(1)

Discussing the Problem

460

(1)

Applying Reflective Thinking to Problem Solving and Decision Making

461

(1)

Brainstorming

462

(1)

Brainstorming via Technology

463

(1)

Managing Group Conflict

464

(4)

Conflict and Group Communication

464

(3)

Managing Conflict

467

(1)

Ethical Behavior and Conflict

467

(1)

Evaluating Small Group Performance

468

(1)

Summary

468

(2)

Discussion Starters

470

(1)

Notes

470

APPENDIX Employment Interviewing: Preparing for Your Future

(1)

Preparing for Job Hunting

(1)

Career Research on the Internet

(2)

Choosing a Career

(1)

Qualities Employers Seek

(2)

Preparation for an Interview

(8)

Writing a Resume

(5)

Searching the Job Market

(1)

Researching the Company via the Internet

(1)

Developing Questions to Ask the Interviewer

(1)

How to Dress for an Interview

(1)

The Interview

(3)

Frequently Asked Questions

(2)

Other Considerations

(1)

Factors Leading to Rejection

(1)

Factors Leading to Job Offers

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Starters

(1)

Notes

Glossary

(1)

Index

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Communication : Making Connections

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