Community Nutrition in Action An Entrepreneurial Approach (with InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534465810 | 0534465811
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/26/2005

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Section 1: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: WORKING IN THE COMMUNITY. 1. Opportunities and Challenges in Community Nutrition. 2. Assessing Community Resources. 3. Assessing the Target Population's Nutritional Status. 4. Principles of Epidemiology. 5. Understanding Food Security. Section II: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: UNDERSTANDING THE COMMUNITY NUTRITION LANDSCAPE. 6. A National Nutrition Agenda for the Public's Health. 7. The Art and Science of Policy Making. 8. Addressing the Obesity Epidemic: An Issue for Public Health Policy. 9. The Reality of Equity and Access in Health Care Section III: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: DELIVERING PROGRAMS. 10. Mothers and Infants: Nutrition Issues, Services, and Programs. 11. Children and Adolescents: Nutrition Issues, Services and Programs. 12. The Adult Years: Nutrition Issues, Services, and Programs. 13. Nurturing Global Awareness: International Nutrition Issues. Section IV: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: PLANNING NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS. 14. Program Planning for Success. 15. Designing Community Nutrition Interventions. 16. Gaining Cultural Competence in Community Nutrition. 17. Principles of Nutrition Education. 18. Marketing Nutrition for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. 19. The Functions of Management. 20. Building Grantsmanship Skills.

Preface

xii

Section One Community Nutritionists in Action: Working in the Community

(308)

Opportunities in Community Nutrition

(31)

Introduction

(1)

The Concept of Community

(11)

Opportunities in Community Nutrition

(1)

Public Health and Community Interventions

(6)

Healthy People in Healthy Communities

(4)

Community Nutrition Practice

(6)

Community versus Public Health Nutrition

(5)

Entrepreneurship in Community Nutrition

(4)

Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs

(3)

Social and Economic Trends for Community Nutrition

(4)

Leading Indicators of Change

(2)

Watchwords for the Future

(2)

Case Study: Ethics and You

(1)

Professional Focus: Community-Based Dietetics Professionals

(3)

Assessing Community Resources

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Community Needs Assessment

(19)

Basic Principles of Needs Assessment

(18)

Programs in Action: The Nutrition Service Project

(3)

Entrepreneurship in Community Needs Assessment

(3)

Professional Focus: Getting Where You Want to Go

(2)

Assessing the Target Population's Nutritional Status

(29)

Introduction

(1)

A Plan for Collecting Data

(4)

Types of Data to Collect about the Target Population

(3)

Case Study 1: Women and Coronary Heart Disease

(12)

Methods of Obtaining Data about the Target Population

(10)

Issues in Data Collection

(4)

Practical Issues

(1)

Scientific Issues

(2)

Cultural Issues

(1)

Case Study 2: Nutritional Status of Independent Elderly Persons

(2)

Programs in Action: The Project L.E.A.N. Nutrition Campaign

(3)

Putting It All Together

(1)

Professional Focus: Lighten Up---Be Willing to Make Mistakes and Risk Failure

(3)

Principles of Epidemiology

(27)

Introduction

(1)

The Practice of Epidemiology

(3)

Investigating Causes of Diseases

(2)

Basic Epidemiologic Concepts

(9)

Rates and Risks

(2)

The Epidemiologic Method

(4)

Hypothesis Testing

(2)

Explaining Research Observations

100

(1)

Types of Epidemiologic Studies

101

(4)

Ecological or Correlational Studies

101

(1)

Cross-sectional or Prevalence Studies

102

(1)

Cohort Studies

102

(1)

Case-Control Studies

103

(1)

Controlled Trials

104

(1)

Nutritional Epidemiology

105

(4)

The Nature of Dietary Variation

107

(2)

Epidemiology and the Community Nutritionist

109

(2)

Case Study: Epidemiology of Obesity

111

(1)

Professional Focus: The Well-Read Community Nutritionist

112

(3)

Food Insecurity and the Food Assistance Programs

115

(49)

Introduction

116

(2)

Counting the Hungry in the United States

118

(11)

Who Are the Hungry in the United States?

121

(6)

Causes of Hunger in the United States

127

(2)

Historical Background of Food Assistance Programs

129

(20)

Welfare Reform: Issues in Moving from Welfare to Work

130

(3)

Federal Domestic Nutrition Assistance Programs Today

133

(16)

Filling in the Gaps to Strengthen the Food Resource Safety Net

149

(3)

The Rising Tide of Food Assistance Need

149

(3)

Programs in Action: Overcoming Barriers to Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

152

(5)

Beyond Public Assistance: What Can Individuals Do?

154

(3)

Case Study: Hunger in an At-Risk Population

157

(1)

Professional Focus: Moving toward Community Food Security

158

(6)

A National Nutrition Agenda for the Public's Health

164

(36)

Introduction

165

(1)

National Nutrition Policy

165

(17)

National Nutrition Monitoring

166

(13)

Nutrient Intake Standards

179

(3)

Nutrition Survey Results: How Well Do We Eat?

182

(12)

Dietary Guidance Systems

182

(6)

Implementing the Recommendations: From Guidelines to Groceries

188

(6)

Case Study: From Guidelines to Groceries

194

(1)

Professional Focus: Evaluating Research and Information on Nutrition and Health

195

(5)

The Art and Science of Policy Making

200

(36)

Introduction

201

(1)

The Process of Policy Making

202

(8)

The People Who Make Policy

209

(1)

Legitimizing Policy

209

(1)

The Legislative and Regulatory Process

210

(6)

Laws and Regulations

210

(1)

How an Idea Becomes Law

211

(2)

The Federal Budget Process

213

(3)

The Political Process

216

(7)

Current Legislation and Emerging Policy Issues

219

(4)

The Community Nutritionist in Action

223

(8)

Make Your Opinion Known

224

(1)

Become Directly Involved

225

(1)

Join an Interest Group

225

(4)

Political Realities

229

(2)

Case Study: Food Safety as a Food Policy Issue

231

(2)

Professional Focus: Building Media Skills

233

(3)

Addressing the Obesity Epidemic: An Issue for Public Health Policy

236

(40)

Introduction

237

(1)

Defining Obesity and Overweight

237

(11)

Epidemiology of Obesity and Overweight

238

(3)

Medical and Social Costs of Obesity

241

(2)

Determinants of Obesity

243

(5)

Obesity Prevention and Treatment Interventions

248

(1)

Adult Interventions

248

(1)

Child and Adolescent Interventions

249

(1)

Public Health Policy Options for Addressing the Global Obesity Epidemic

249

(13)

Obesity Surveillance and Monitoring Efforts

250

(1)

Awareness Building, Education, and Research

251

(5)

Regulating Environments

256

(3)

Private Enforcement and Litigation

259

(1)

Pricing Policies

260

(1)

Societal-Level Solutions

261

(1)

Where Do We Go from Here?

262

(2)

Programs in Action: Coordinated School Health Programs

264

(5)

Case Study: Worksite Health Promotion Program for Prevention of Overweight

269

(1)

Professional Focus: Diet Confusion: Weighing the Evidence

270

(6)

Health Care Systems and Policy

276

(33)

Introduction

277

(1)

An Overview of the Health Care Industry

278

(9)

Private Insurance

279

(2)

Public Insurance

281

(5)

The Uninsured

286

(1)

Demographic Trends and Health Care

287

(7)

The Need for Health Care Reform

288

(6)

Health Care Reform in the United States

294

(6)

Nutrition as a Component of Health Care Reform

295

(3)

Medical Nutrition Therapy and Medicare Reform

298

(2)

Programs in Action: Evaluating Nutrition Risk in Older Adults

300

(1)

On the Horizon: Changes in Health Care and Its Delivery

301

(3)

Case Study: Insurance Access

304

(1)

Professional Focus: Ethics and the Nutrition Professional

305

(4)

Section Two Community Nutritionists in Action: Delivering Programs

309

(140)

Mothers and Infants: Nutrition Assessment, Services, and Programs

310

(35)

Introduction

311

(1)

Trends in Maternal and Infant Health

311

(5)

National Goals for Maternal and Infant Health

313

(3)

Healthy Mothers

316

(4)

Maternal Weight Gain

317

(1)

Adolescent Pregnancy

317

(1)

Nutrition Assessment in Pregnancy

318

(2)

Healthy Babies

320

(10)

Nutrient Needs and Growth Status in Infancy

322

(2)

Breastfeeding Recommendations

324

(2)

Other Recommendations on Feeding Infants

326

(1)

Primary Nutrition-Related Problems of Infancy

327

(3)

Programs in Action: Using Peer Counselors to Change Culturally Based Behaviors

330

(1)

Domestic Maternal and Infant Nutrition Programs

331

(10)

The WIC Program

332

(6)

Other Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture

338

(1)

Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

339

(2)

Looking Ahead: Improving the Health of Mothers and Infants

341

(3)

Case Study: Promotion of Breastfeeding

344

(1)

Children and Adolescents: Nutrition Issues, Services, and Programs

345

(35)

Introduction

346

(1)

Healthy People 2010 National Nutrition Objectives

346

(2)

Healthy People 2010 Progress Review

347

(1)

What Are Children and Adolescents Eating?

348

(10)

Influences on Child and Adolescent Eating Patterns and Behaviors

350

(1)

Weighing In on the Problem of Childhood Obesity

351

(2)

Other Nutrition-Related Problems of Children and Adolescents

353

(3)

Children with Special Health Care Needs

356

(2)

Programs in Action: Nutrition Education Strategies for Preadolescent Girls

358

(1)

The History of Child Nutrition Programs in Schools

358

(9)

Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture

360

(6)

Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

366

(1)

Impact of Child Nutrition Programs on Children's Diets

367

(2)

Factors Discouraging Participation in Child Nutrition Programs

368

(1)

Building Healthful School Environments

369

(1)

Nutrition Education Programs

369

(3)

Nutrition Education in the Public Sector

371

(1)

Programs in Action: Empowering Teens to Make Better Nutrition Decisions

372

(7)

Nutrition Education in the Private Sector

375

(1)

Keeping Children and Adolescents Healthy

376

(3)

Case Study: The Child Nutrition Program

379

(1)

Growing Older: Nutrition Assessment, Services, and Programs

380

(34)

Introduction

381

(1)

Demographic Trends and Aging

381

(1)

Healthy Adults

382

(6)

National Goals for Health Promotion

383

(2)

Understanding Baby Boomers

385

(1)

Nutrition Education Programs

386

(1)

Health Promotion Programs

387

(1)

Aging and Nutritional Status

388

(2)

Primary Nutrition-Related Problems of Aging

389

(1)

Programs in Action: Worksite Wellness Works for Firefighters

390

(11)

Nutrition Policy Recommendations for Health Promotion for Older Adults

392

(1)

Evaluation of Nutritional Status

393

(8)

Community-Based Programs and Services

401

(7)

General Assistance Programs

402

(1)

Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture

403

(1)

Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

403

(4)

Private-Sector Nutrition Assistance Programs

407

(1)

Nutrition Education and Health Promotion Programs for Older Adults

407

(1)

Programs in Action: Bringing Food and Nutrition Services to Homebound Seniors

408

(2)

Looking Ahead: And Then We Were Old

410

(3)

Case Study: Postmenopausal Nutrition and Disease Prevention Program

413

(1)

World Hunger and Food Insecurity: Challenges and Opportunities

414

(35)

Introduction

415

(1)

Mapping Poverty and Undernutrition

415

(7)

Malnutrition and Health Worldwide

417

(5)

Food Insecurity in Developing Countries

422

(8)

The Role of Colonialism

423

(1)

International Trade and Debt

424

(1)

The Role of Multinational Corporations

424

(1)

The Role of Overpopulation

425

(1)

Distribution of Resources

426

(1)

Agricultural Technology

427

(2)

A Need for Sustainable Development

429

(1)

People-Centered Development

430

(1)

Nutrition and Development

430

(1)

Agenda for Action

431

(9)

Focus on Children

431

(4)

Making the World Fit for Children

435

(1)

Focus on Women

436

(4)

International Nutrition Programs

440

(1)

Looking Ahead: The Global Challenges

441

(4)

Personal Action: Opportunity Knocks

442

(3)

Case Study: UNICEF's Child Survival Campaign

445

(1)

Programs in Action: Vitamin A Field Support Projects

446

(3)

Section Three Community Nutritionists in Action: Planning Nutrition Interventions

449

(192)

Program Planning for Success

450

(24)

Introduction

451

(1)

Factors That Trigger Program Planning

451

(1)

Steps in Program Planning

452

(14)

Step 1: Review the Results of the Community Needs Assessment

453

(2)

Step 2: Define Program Goals and Objectives

455

(1)

Step 3: Develop a Program Plan

456

(1)

Step 4: Develop a Management System

457

(1)

Step 5: Identify Funding Sources

458

(1)

Step 6: Implement the Program

458

(1)

Step 7: Evaluate Program Elements and Effectiveness

458

(8)

Programs in Action: Feast with the Beasts™

466

(4)

Spreading the Word about the Program's Success

470

(1)

Entrepreneurship in Program Planning

470

(2)

Professional Focus: Leading for Success

472

(2)

Designing Community Nutrition Interventions

474

(22)

Introduction

475

(1)

Choose an Intervention Strategy

475

(6)

Study the Target Population

477

(4)

Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior

481

(7)

The Stages of Change Model

481

(3)

The Health Belief Model

484

(1)

The Theory of Planned Behavior

485

(2)

Social Cognitive Theory

487

(1)

Programs in Action: Eat Healthy: Your Kids Are Watching

488

(2)

The Diffusion of Innovation Model

489

(1)

Put It All Together: Case Study 1

490

(2)

Use Entrepreneurship to Steer in a New Direction

492

(1)

Professional Focus: Being an Effective Speaker

493

(3)

Gaining Cultural Competence in Community Nutrition

496

(30)

Introduction

497

(1)

Gaining Cultural Competence

497

(12)

Terms Related to Cultural Competence

498

(1)

Need for Cultural Competence

499

(4)

Cultural Competence Models

503

(6)

Cross-Cultural Communication

509

(5)

Communication Styles

509

(4)

Working with Interpreters

513

(1)

Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies

514

(4)

Explanatory Models

515

(1)

Learn Intervention Guidelines

516

(1)

Practical Considerations for Interventions

517

(1)

Programs in Action: Encouraging Breastfeeding among African-American Women

518

(1)

Organizational Cultural Competence

518

(4)

Essential Organizational Elements of Cultural Competence

519

(3)

Case Study: Gaining Cultural Competence in a Muslim Community

522

(1)

Professional Focus: Cross-Cultural Nutrition Counseling

523

(3)

Principles of Nutrition Education

526

(23)

Introduction

527

(1)

Applying Educational Principles to Program Design

527

(5)

Learning across the Life Span

527

(4)

Developing a Nutrition Education Plan

531

(1)

Programs in Action: Behaviorally Focused Nutrition Education Programs for Children

532

(4)

Nutrition Education to Reduce CHD Risk: Case Study 1

536

(6)

``Heartworks for Women'' Program: Assessing Participants' Needs

537

(5)

Designing Nutrition and Health Messages

542

(4)

General Ideas for Designing Messages

542

(3)

Entrepreneurship in Nutrition Education

545

(1)

Professional Focus: Being an Effective Writer

546

(3)

Marketing Nutrition and Health Promotion

549

(25)

Introduction

550

(1)

What Is Marketing?

550

(14)

Develop a Marketing Plan

551

(7)

Develop a Marketing Strategy

558

(6)

Monitor and Evaluate

564

(1)

Social Marketing: Community Campaigns for Change

564

(2)

Social Marketing at the Community Level

565

(1)

Programs in Action: Motivating Children to Change Their Eating and Activity Habits

566

(2)

A Marketing Plan for ``Heartworks for Women'': Case Study 1

568

(3)

Entrepreneurship Leads the Way

571

(1)

Professional Focus: The Art of Negotiating

572

(2)

Managing Community Nutrition Programs

574

(22)

Introduction

575

(1)

The Four Functions of Management

575

(13)

Planning

576

(2)

Organizing

578

(6)

Leading

584

(2)

Controlling

586

(2)

Management Issues for ``Heartworks for Women'': Case Study 1

588

(2)

The Critical Path

588

(2)

Programs in Action: The Better Health Restaurant Challenge

590

(3)

The Business of Community Nutrition

592

(1)

Professional Focus: Time Management

593

(3)

Building Grantsmanship Skills

596

(45)

Introduction

597

(1)

Laying the Foundation for a Grant

597

(5)

Generate Ideas

597

(2)

Describe Goals

599

(3)

Identify Funding Sources

602

(6)

Identify Potential Collaborators

607

(1)

Building the Proposal

608

(23)

Components of a Proposal

608

(16)

Budget

624

(3)

Assembling the Final Product

627

(2)

Review of the Grant Proposal

629

(2)

Professional Focus: Teamwork Gets Results

631

(2)

Appendixes

Appendix A Nutrition Assessment and Screening

633

(3)

Appendix B Complementary Nutrition and Health Therapies

636

(3)

Appendix C The SMOG Readability Formula

639

(2)

References

641

(31)

Index

672

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Community Nutrition in Action An Entrepreneurial Approach (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials