The Conservation Handbook Research, Management and Policy

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ISBN: 9780632053445 | 0632053445
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/17/2000

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The Conservation Handbook is a practical guide describing precisely what conservationists should do. It is not a textbook but, like the author's edited books on habitat management and census techniques, it will be of use to undergraduate students as well as to conservation professionals.

Foreword

xiv

Professor Edward O. Wilson

Acknowledgements

Introduction

(2)

Assessing biodiversity

(18)

Why assess biodiversity?

(1)

Biodiversity assessment techniques

(6)

Total species list

(1)

Case Study Discovery and conservation of the Saola

(1)

Total genus or family list

(1)

Parallel-line searches

(1)

Habitat subsampling

(1)

Uniform effort

(1)

Time-restricted search

(1)

Encounter rates

(1)

Species discovery curves

(1)

MacKinnon lists

(1)

Timed species counts

(1)

Recording absence

(1)

Habitat feature assessment

(1)

Documenting rarities

(1)

Collecting

(6)

Labelling

(1)

Preservatives

(1)

Collecting plants

(1)

Collecting fungi

(1)

Collecting invertebrates

(1)

Collecting fish

(1)

Collecting amphibians

(1)

Collecting reptiles

(1)

Collecting birds

(1)

Collecting mammals

(1)

Ethnobotany

(1)

Atlases

(3)

Case Study Southern African frog atlas project

(2)

Habitat mapping

(1)

Remote sensing

(1)

Databases

(2)

Setting conservation priorities

(15)

Why set conservation priorities?

(1)

Prioritising species

(8)

Vulnerability to extinction

(1)

Taxonomic isolation

(2)

What is a species?

(4)

Flagship species

(1)

Introduced species

(1)

Likelihood of species recovery

(1)

Prioritising species within areas

(1)

Prioritising habitats

(1)

Hot spots of global biodiversity

(2)

Endemic Bird Areas

(1)

Centres of plant diversity

(1)

Important Taxon Areas

(1)

Prioritising areas and selecting reserves

(4)

Monitoring

(29)

Why monitor?

(1)

Bias and accuracy

(1)

Long-term data sets

(1)

Sampling

(2)

Stratified sampling

(1)

Monitoring plots

(1)

Indices and censuses

(1)

Counting recognisable individuals

(2)

Quadrats and strip transects

(1)

Distance sampling: line transects and point counts

(2)

Estimating populations from point counts and line transects

(1)

Mapping

(2)

Mark--release--recapture

(3)

Population estimates from mark-release-recapture

(1)

Population estimates from capture frequency

(1)

Frequency of capture

(1)

Catch per unit effort

(1)

Monitoring plants

(1)

Total counts of plants

(1)

Quadrants

(1)

Seed sorting

(1)

Measures of vegetation density

(1)

Monitoring invertebrates

(2)

Direct searching for invertebrates

(1)

Beating for invertebrates

(1)

Water traps for invertebrates

(1)

Light traps for invertebrates

(1)

Emergence traps for invertebrates

(1)

Pitfall traps for invertebrates

(1)

Sweep, pond and tow nets

(1)

Benthic cores for invertebrates

(1)

Monitoring fish

(1)

Fish traps

(1)

Gill and dip nets

(1)

Electrofishing

(1)

Transects and point counts for fish

(1)

Monitoring amphibians

(1)

Drift fencing and pitfall traps

(1)

Direct counts of amphibians

(1)

Monitoring reptiles

(1)

Mark--release--recapture of reptiles

(1)

Direct observations of reptiles

(1)

Monitoring birds

(1)

Direct counts of birds

(1)

Transects for birds

(1)

Point counts for birds

(1)

Territory mapping

(1)

Monitoring mammals

(1)

Direct counts of mammals

(1)

Transects of mammals

(1)

Mapping mammals

(1)

Trapping mammals

(1)

Dung counts

(1)

Monitoring environmental variables

(5)

Temperature

(1)

Rainfall

(1)

Water depth

(1)

Water flow

(1)

Evapotranspiration

(1)

Wind speed

(1)

Underwater light

(1)

Salinity

(1)

Water chemistry

(1)

Soil characteristics

(1)

Monitoring human impact

(1)

Photographic monitoring

(2)

Ecological research techniques

(46)

Why carry out research?

(1)

Designing a research project

(2)

Experiments

(1)

Hygienic fieldwork

(1)

Determining habitat use

(1)

Radio tracking

(2)

Diet analysis

(2)

Ageing and sexing

(6)

Ageing plants

(1)

Ageing and sexing invertebrates

(1)

Ageing and sexing fish

(1)

Ageing and sexing amphibians

(1)

Ageing and sexing reptiles

(1)

Ageing and sexing birds

(1)

Ageing and sexing mammals

(1)

Pollination biology

(3)

Determining the breeding system

(2)

Identifying the pollinators

(1)

Marking individuals

(2)

Marking plants

(1)

Marking invertebrates

(1)

Marking fish

(1)

Marking amphibians

(1)

Marking reptiles

(1)

Marking birds

(1)

Marking mammals

(1)

Studying the fate of individuals

(5)

Measuring breeding output

(2)

Measuring mortality

(3)

Determining the cause of illness or death

(5)

Collecting material for examination

(1)

Autopsies

(3)

Identifying plant pathogens

(1)

Determining why eggs fail

(1)

Modelling population changes

(5)

Principles of population ecology

(3)

Creating population models

(1)

Risk of extinction

(5)

Processes in small populations

(2)

Population viability models

100

(1)

Case Study Estimating the population viability of a re-established White-tailed Eagle population

101

(2)

Molecular techniques

103

(3)

Identifying individuals and relatives

103

(2)

Identifying species and populations

105

(1)

Ten major statistical errors in conservation

106

(5)

Diagnosis and prediction

111

(12)

Why diagnose problems?

111

(1)

A need for evidence-based conservation?

111

(2)

Diagnosing why species have declined

113

(3)

Case Study The Lord Howe Woodhen: diagnosis and recovery

114

(2)

Predicting the ecological consequences of changes

116

(1)

Environmental impact assessment

117

(6)

Strategic environmental assessment

122

(1)

Conservation planning

123

(8)

Why plan?

123

(1)

The planning process

124

(1)

The species action plan process

125

(1)

Case Study The UK Corncrake species action plan

126

(2)

Writing a species action plan

128

(1)

The site management plan process

128

(3)

Writing a management plan

129

(2)

Organisational management and fund raising

131

(11)

Why is organisational management important?

131

(1)

Leadership and management

131

(2)

Leadership

131

(1)

Delegation

132

(1)

Types of conservation organisations and their problems

133

(1)

Collaboration between organisations

134

(1)

Meetings

135

(1)

Generating ideas in meetings

136

(1)

Crisis management

136

(1)

Fund raising

137

(3)

Grants

140

(2)

Education and ecotourism

142

(12)

Why educate?

142

(1)

Planning and running an education programme

142

(7)

Case Study Conservation stickers on Sumba

144

(1)

Case Study Public involvement in the conservation of Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand

145

(1)

Case Study Global Rivers Environmental Education Network (GREEN)

146

(3)

Identification guides

149

(1)

Ecotourism

150

(4)

Case Study Managing tourism in the Antarctic

151

(3)

Bringing about political and policy changes

154

(10)

Why enter politics?

154

(1)

Campaigning

154

(2)

Case Study Water extraction in Mono Lake

155

(1)

Publicity

156

(2)

Case Study International collaboration to reduce pesticide poisoning

157

(1)

Negotiating and conflict resolution

158

(1)

Changing legislation

159

(2)

Case Study Reducing traffic damage to a roadside reserve

160

(1)

Meetings

161

(1)

Economic instruments

161

(1)

The importance of international agreements

162

(2)

Convention on Global Biodiversity (1992)

162

(1)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) (CITES)

162

(1)

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) (Bonn Convention)

163

(1)

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1971) (Ramsar Convention)

163

(1)

Species management

164

(13)

Why manage species?

164

(1)

Manipulating wild populations

164

(1)

Creating breeding sites

164

(1)

Supplementary food

164

(1)

Hand pollination

165

(1)

Controlling parasites

165

(1)

Controlling predators, herbivores and competitors

165

(4)

Eradication of problem species

167

(1)

Control of problem species

168

(1)

Exclusion of problem species

169

(1)

Changing the behaviour of problem species

169

(1)

Captive breeding

169

(1)

Plant propagation

170

(3)

Seed storage

171

(2)

Re-establishments

173

(4)

Determining feasibility and desirability of re-establishments

173

(1)

Release protocol

174

(1)

Monitoring of re-establishments

175

(1)

Case Study Brush-tailed Phascogale re-establishment: learning from experiments

176

(1)

Habitat management

177

(26)

Habitat management or wilderness creation?

177

(4)

Case Study Wild nature in the Dutch Oostvaardersplassen

179

(1)

The need for research

180

(1)

Size, isolation and continuity

181

(2)

Disturbance

183

(1)

Retaining old habitats

184

(1)

Grazing

185

(2)

Burning

187

(2)

Hydrology

189

(3)

Understanding hydrology

189

(3)

Water management

192

(1)

Water quality

192

(1)

Habitat creation, restoration and translocation

193

(7)

Waterbodies

196

(1)

Trees and shrubs

197

(1)

Grass and herbaceous communities

198

(1)

Reefs

199

(1)

Translocation

200

(1)

Managing access

200

(3)

Zoning

201

(1)

Car parks and footpaths

201

(1)

Visitors centres and hides

201

(2)

Exploitation

203

(22)

Why manage exploitation?

203

(2)

Benefits of exploitation?

203

(1)

Why does overexploitation occur?

204

(1)

Determining sustainable yields

205

(13)

Surplus yield models

208

(1)

Yield per recruit models

209

(2)

Robinson and Redford models

211

(2)

Relating yield to recruitment and mortality

213

(1)

Adjusting in relation to population changes

213

(1)

Lotka--Volterra model

214

(1)

Case Study Methods of Moose management in Finland

215

(1)

Case Study Goose management in North America

216

(1)

Full population model

217

(1)

Adaptive management

217

(1)

Controlling exploitation

218

(1)

Discouraging illegal persecution

219

(3)

Case Study Anti-poaching strategy to protect the Amur Tiger

220

(2)

Criminal detection

222

(3)

Integrating development and conservation

225

(27)

Why combine development and conservation?

225

(1)

Approaches for combining development and conservation

226

(4)

Regulations to restrict access or use

226

(1)

Increasing the value of natural resources

227

(1)

Alternatives to damaging exploitation

228

(1)

Development as part of a package

228

(1)

Benefit sharing

229

(1)

General principles for integrated conservation development projects

230

(3)

Case Study Combining development and conservation in Kilum-Ijim Forest, Cameroon

231

(1)

Participatory development

232

(1)

The project cycle

233

(9)

Case Study Coral reef and fisheries management in the Philippines

234

(2)

Identification

236

(1)

Planning

236

(1)

Appraisal

236

(1)

The conceptual model approach to planning projects

237

(3)

Implementation

240

(1)

Monitoring

240

(1)

Completion

241

(1)

Evaluation

241

(1)

Basic methods for integrated conservation development projects

242

(8)

Key questions

242

(1)

Participatory research and monitoring techniques

242

(2)

Stakeholder analysis

244

(1)

Problem trees and objective trees

244

(2)

Options analysis

246

(1)

Logical framework analysis

246

(3)

Risk analysis

249

(1)

Identifying and allocating tasks

249

(1)

Stakeholder participation matrix

250

(1)

Capacity building

250

(2)

References

252

(21)

Index

273

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The Conservation Handbook Research, Management and Policy

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials