Consonant Strength: Phonological Patterns and

This book is a detailed examination of the phonetics and phonology of consonant strength, drawing data from parallel acoustic and articulatory studies of English and Spanish, as well as a cross-linguistic survey of lenition and fortition. This book will be of interest to scholars of phonology, phonetics, and the phonetics-phonology interface. It includes a detailed discussion of methodology, as well as illustrative spectrograms and palatograms.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

List of Tables

xiii

List of Figures

xvii

Introduction

3

(20)

Focus of the Research

3

(1)

The Phenomenon of Lenition or Weakening

4

(4)

Examples

4

(1)

Definition of Lenition

5

(2)

Environments

7

(1)

The Phonetic Studies

8

(4)

Predictions about Strong vs. Weak Characteristics

8

(1)

Predictions about Prosodic Position

9

(3)

Phonological Approaches

12

(9)

Lenition as Deletion

13

(3)

Lenition as an Increase in Sonority

16

(2)

Lenition as a Decrease in Effort

18

(2)

Lenition as a Decrease in Duration and Magnitude of Gestures

20

(1)

Structure of the Book

21

(2)

Survey of Consonant Strength Alternations

23

(26)

Motivation for Developing the Data Base

23

(1)

Data Base Development

24

(2)

Sources

24

(1)

Exclusions

25

(1)

Data Base Fields

25

(1)

Alternations

26

(3)

Weakening

29

(12)

Voicing

30

(2)

Fricativization

32

(4)

Approximantization

36

(2)

Debuccalization

38

(1)

Deletion

39

(2)

Strengthening

41

(4)

Occlusivization/Hardening

41

(2)

Devoicing

43

(1)

Fricativization of Glides

43

(1)

Aspiration

44

(1)

Ejectivization/Glottalization

44

(1)

Gemination

44

(1)

The Ambiguous Case of Affrication

45

(1)

Affrication

45

(1)

Deaffrication

46

(1)

From the Survey to the Experiments

46

(3)

Case Studies of American English and Mexican Spanish

49

(40)

Motivation for Studying American English and Mexican Spanish

49

(3)

Motivation for the Parallel Acoustic and Articulatory Studies

52

(4)

Acoustic Study

53

(1)

Articulatory Study

53

(3)

Integration of the Acoustic and Articulatory Studies

56

(1)

Methodology

56

(13)

Word Lists

56

(6)

Subjects

62

(1)

Acquisition of Acoustic Data

63

(3)

Acquisition of Articulatory Data

66

(3)

Acoustic Analysis

69

(16)

Measurement Criteria

69

(5)

Extraction of Data from Labeled Files

74

(1)

RMS Amplitude Ratios

74

(2)

Rating Tokens for Manner of Articulation

76

(1)

Stops

76

(2)

Fricatives

78

(2)

Approximants

80

(2)

Glides

82

(1)

Trills

83

(1)

Taps

84

(1)

Other Components of Segments

84

(1)

Articulatory Analysis

85

(4)

Results Patterning by Manner of Articulation

89

(20)

Intensity

89

(5)

Slight Positional Tendencies

92

(1)

Relating the Results to Sonority

92

(2)

Degree of Contact

94

(3)

Linguopalatal Contact in Spanish

97

(4)

Linguopalatal Contact in English

101

(3)

Voicing

104

(4)

Voicing of English Consonants

104

(1)

Voicing of Spanish Consonants

105

(1)

Role of Duration in the Percept of Voicing

105

(3)

Summary of Results Patterning by Manner of Articulation

108

(1)

Results Patterning by Position

109

(48)

Consonant Durations

109

(12)

English Consonant Durations

109

(5)

Spanish Consonant Durations

114

(4)

Statistical Analysis of Duration Data

118

(3)

Manner of Articulation

121

(7)

English Manner of Articulation Results

122

(3)

Spanish Manner of Articulation Results

125

(2)

Implications of Manner of Articulation Results

127

(1)

Characteristics of Stop Closures, Bursts, and Aspiration

128

(16)

Noise Leakage during Closures/Incomplete Seals

128

(3)

Absent Bursts

131

(3)

Multiple Bursts

134

(5)

Burst Duration and Intensity

139

(1)

Duration of Aspiration

140

(1)

Intensity of Aspiration

140

(1)

Affrication in English

141

(2)

Subcomponents of Spanish Trills

143

(1)

Intensity of Frication

144

(1)

Degree of Contact

145

(8)

Linguopalatal Contact in Spanish

146

(2)

Linguopalatal Contact in English

148

(5)

Summary of Results Patterning by Position

153

(4)

Discussion and Conclusions

157

(16)

Major Findings

158

(2)

Importance of Environments for Interpreting Results

160

(3)

Environments Based on Position in Word and Stress

160

(2)

Environments Based on Metrical Feet

162

(1)

Environments Based on Intonational Structure

163

(1)

Evaluating the Phonological Theories with Phonetic Data

163

(5)

Lenition as Deletion

164

(1)

Lenition as an Increase in Sonority

164

(1)

Lenition as a Decrease in Effort

165

(1)

Lenition as a Decrease in Duration and Magnitude of Gestures

165

(2)

Requirements for an Adequate Theory of Consonant Strength

167

(1)

Weakening vs. Strengthening

168

(1)

Future Research

169

(4)

Additional Phonetic Studies

169

(2)

Environments

171

(2)

Appendix A. English Durations

173

(8)

Appendix B. Spanish Durations

181

(6)

Appendix C. Data Base Language References

187

(4)

Bibliography

191

(14)

Index

205

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Consonant Strength: Phonological Patterns and Phonetic Manifestations

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials