Constitutional Interpretation

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ISBN: 9780534613983 | 0534613985
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/12/2003

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One of the best-known, most comprehensive and widely read Constitutional Law textbooks published, CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION is consistently updated to reflect current issues and cases relevant to students. Offering a good balance between textual explanation and edited Court cases written in clear, concise language, the text remains the standard text for students and instructors alike.

Preface

Summary of Contents

Table of Cases

Judicial Power

(78)

The Supreme Court's Jurisdiction and Its Assumption of Judicial Review

(35)

Judicial Review

(1)

Marbury v. Madison

(7)

Note---When Should Judges Disqualify Themselves?

(2)

Eakin v. Raub: Justice Gibson's Dissenting Opinion

(4)

Original Jurisdiction

(1)

Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions

(1)

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

(4)

Appellate Jurisdiction

(1)

Ex Parte McCardle

(2)

Checking the Court

(1)

The Structure of the Judicial System

(1)

Exhibit 1.1---The Flow of Cases to the U.S. Supreme Court

(1)

Exhibit 1.2---United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts

(1)

The Writ of Certiorari

(1)

Rule 10---Considerations Governing Review on Certiorari

(2)

Exhibit 1.3---Constitutional Decisions as a Proportion of All Supreme Court Decisions

(1)

The Process by Which the Supreme Court Decides Cases

(4)

Judicial Independence

(1)

Institutional Constraints on the Exercise of Judicial Power

(41)

Case and Controversy

(1)

Muskrat v. United States

(3)

Note---Mootness: The Defunis and Sosna Cases

(1)

Ripeness

(1)

National Treasury Employees Union v. United States

(1)

Standing

(1)

Allen v. Wright

(7)

Note---City of Los Angeles v. Lyons

(2)

Note---Do Federal Taxpayers as Such Have Standing to Sue?

(1)

Political Questions

(3)

Baker v. Carr

(8)

Bush v. Gore

(7)

Note---Goldwater v. Carter

(2)

The Debate over Justiciability

(1)

Discretionary and Ministerial Acts

(1)

The Modes of Constitutional Interpretation

(25)

The Traditional Theory of Judicial Review: Constitutional Absolutism or Interpretivism

(5)

The Balancing of Interests or Judicial Self-Restraint

(5)

Strict Scrutiny or the Preferred Freedoms Approach

(3)

The Court in American History: Judicial Values and Constitutional Interpretation

(9)

The Court and Political Accountability

102

(2)

Legislative Power

104

(72)

Qualifications of Members of Congress

104

(1)

The Sources and Scope of Congress's Power to Legislate

105

(23)

Enumerated and Implied Powers

106

(1)

McCulloch v. Maryland

107

(6)

Amendment-Enforcing Powers

113

(1)

South Carolina v. Katzenbach

113

(6)

City of Boerne v. Flores

119

(4)

Inherent Powers

123

(2)

The Treaty Power

125

(1)

Missouri v. Holland

126

(1)

Note---The Proposed Bricker Amendment

127

(1)

Delegation of Legislative Power

128

(25)

J. W. Hampton, Jr., & Co. v. United States

129

(3)

Note---The Panama Refining and Schechter Cases

132

(2)

The Economic Stabilization Act of 1970

134

(3)

Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha

137

(7)

Note---Bowsher v. Synar

144

(2)

Note---Mistretta v. United States

146

(1)

Clinton v. City of New York

147

(6)

The Power to Investigate

153

(20)

Investigations and the First Amendment

154

(1)

Note---The Court and Congressional Investigations of Communist Activities: The Watkins and Barenblatt Cases

155

(6)

Court-Curb Proposals Stimulated by Controversial Decisions

161

(2)

Exhibit 3.1---Comparing the Voting Patterns in the Watkins and Barenblatt Cases

163

(1)

Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee

164

(4)

Immunity

168

(1)

United States v. North

169

(4)

The Speech or Debate Clause (Congressional Immunity)

173

(3)

Executive Power

176

(96)

The President's Appointment and Removal Powers

176

(15)

Myers v. United States

178

(7)

Morrison v. Olson

185

(6)

The Scope of Executive Power

191

(51)

Theories of Executive Power

191

(3)

Ex Parte Milligan

194

(7)

Korematsu v. United States

201

(8)

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [The Steel Seizure Case]

209

(8)

Presidential Power Under Nixon

217

(1)

Note---The Nixon-Frost Interview

218

(3)

Executive Privilege

221

(1)

United States v. Nixon

222

(9)

The Attorney-Client and Protective Function Privileges

231

(2)

The Clinton Impeachment

233

(2)

Liability of the President for Damages

235

(1)

Nixon v. Fitzgerald

236

(6)

The President's Power to Pardon

242

(7)

In Re Grand Jury Subpoenas Dated March 9, 2001

246

(3)

Executive Authority in the Conduct of Foreign Affairs

249

(23)

Executive Agreements

250

(1)

United States v. Belmont

250

(3)

Note---Settlement of the Iranian Hostages Crisis

253

(1)

Presidential Dominance in Foreign Relations

254

(1)

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.

255

(5)

The Power to Use Military Force

260

(1)

The War Powers Resolution

261

(3)

Dellums v. Bush

264

(8)

Powers of the National Government in the Federal System

272

(92)

Dual Federalism

273

(2)

National Supremacy and Cooperative Federalism

275

(2)

The General Scope of Congress's Power to Regulate Interstate Commerce

277

(24)

Gibbons v. Ogden

278

(6)

Stafford v. Wallace

284

(2)

Houston, East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States [The Shreveport Rate Case]

286

(1)

The ``Federal Police Power''

287

(1)

Champion v. Ames [The Lottery Case]

288

(4)

Note---Brooks v. United States

292

(1)

The Commerce Power and Racial Discrimination

293

(1)

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States

294

(3)

Katzenbach v. McClung

297

(3)

Note---Daniel v. Paul

300

(1)

Congress's Power to Regulate Production Under the Commerce Clause

301

(27)

The Rise of Dual Federalism

301

(3)

Exhibit 5.1---The Meaning of Interstate Commerce

304

(1)

Hammer v. Dagenhart [The Child Labor Case]

304

(4)

Carter v. Carter Coal Co.

308

(6)

Exhibit 5.2---The Changing Face of American Politics: The Coming of the New Deal

314

(1)

The Decline of Dual Federalism

314

(1)

Exhibit 5.3---Voting Blocs on the United States Supreme Court

315

(1)

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.

316

(8)

Wickard v. Filburn

324

(4)

Rekindling Dual Federalism: The Rehnquist Court

328

(13)

The Rehnquist Court and the Commerce Clause

328

(1)

United States v. Lopez

328

(4)

United States v. Morrison

332

(6)

Exhibit 5.4---Voting Positions of the Justices During the 1980s and 1990s

338

(1)

The Eleventh Amendment

339

(2)

The Taxing and Spending Power

341

(23)

McCray v. United States

342

(3)

The Rise of Dual Federalism

345

(1)

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. [The Child Labor Tax Case]

345

(3)

United States v. Butler

348

(5)

The Decline of Dual Federalism

353

(1)

Steward Machine Co. v. Davis

353

(5)

South Dakota v. Dole

358

(6)

The Regulatory Power of the States in the Federal System

364

(49)

The Police Power

364

(1)

Jacobson v. Massachusetts

365

(2)

Federal Preemption and Federal Dictation

367

(2)

Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Development Commission

369

(6)

Other Cases on Preemption

375

(1)

New York v. United States

376

(6)

Printz v. United States

382

(7)

The Interstate Movement of Persons

389

(1)

Edwards v. California

390

(3)

The Negative or Dormant Commerce Clause

393

(1)

Cooley v. The Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia

394

(3)

Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.

397

(7)

City of Philadelphia v. State of New Jersey

404

(5)

Other Cases on State Regulation

409

(1)

Judicial Federalism

410

(3)

Property Rights and Economic Liberties

413

(54)

The Contract Clause and the State Police Power

414

(13)

Fletcher v. Peck

415

(2)

Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward [The Dartmouth College Case]

417

(4)

Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell [The Minnesota Moratorium Case]

421

(6)

The Life and Death of ``Liberty of Contract''

427

(25)

Social Darwinism

427

(2)

Exhibit 7.1---The Translation of Social and Political Values into Constitutional Decisions, 1895-1936

429

(1)

The Rise of ``Liberty of Contract''

429

(1)

Butchers' Benevolent Association v. Crescent City Livestock Landing & Slaughterhouse Co. [The Slaughterhouse Cases]

430

(4)

Munn v. Illinois

434

(3)

Allgeyer v. Louisiana

437

(2)

Note---The Adair and Coppage Cases

439

(2)

Lochner v. New York

441

(4)

Muller v. Oregon

445

(1)

The End of ``Liberty of Contract''

446

(1)

West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish

447

(3)

City of New Orleans v. Dukes

450

(2)

Note---Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.

452

(1)

The Regulation and ``Taking'' of Property

452

(15)

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York

453

(8)

Dolan v. City of Tigard

461

(6)

Due Process of Law

467

(133)

Due Process and the Federal System: The Selective Incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the fourteenth Amendment

467

(34)

The Bill of Rights Before Incorporation

467

(1)

Barron v. The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore

468

(2)

Butchers' Benevolent Association v. Crescent City Livestock Landing & Slaughterhouse Co. [The Slaughterhouse Cases]

470

(5)

The Theories and Process of Incorporation

475

(3)

Exhibit 8.1---The Four Theories of Incorporation

478

(1)

Exhibit 8.2---The Process of Incorporation

479

(2)

Hurtado v. California

481

(3)

Palko v. Connecticut

484

(2)

Adamson v. California

486

(4)

Rochin v. California

490

(3)

The Jury Trial Guarantee: A Case Study of Incorporation

493

(5)

The Nonincorporated Second Amendment

498

(3)

The Right to Counsel

501

(32)

Competing Priorities in Criminal Justice

501

(1)

Herbert L. Packer, Two Models of the Criminal Process

502

(5)

The Right to Counsel at Trial

507

(1)

Powell v. Alabama

508

(3)

Gideon v. Wainwright

511

(4)

Note---The Effective Assistance of Counsel

515

(2)

Other Cases on Effective Assistance to the Defense

517

(1)

The Pretrial Right to Counsel

517

(1)

Miranda v. Arizona

518

(7)

Note---The Right to Counsel at Lineups

525

(2)

Brewer v. Williams

527

(5)

Note---Nix v. Williams: The ``Fruit of the Poisonous Tree'' Doctrine and the ``Inevitable Discovery'' Exception

532

(1)

The Right Against Self-Incrimination

533

(16)

California v. Byers

536

(4)

Note---Testimonial Evidence in Drunk Driving Cases

540

(2)

The Voluntariness of Confessions Before Miranda

542

(1)

Admissibility of Confessions After Miranda

543

(1)

New York v. Quarles

544

(5)

Confrontation and Cross-Examination

549

(7)

Maryland v. Craig

550

(6)

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

556

(44)

Punishment for an Act, Note a Condition

556

(1)

Robinson v. California

556

(2)

Note---Powell v. Texas

558

(2)

The Death Penalty

560

(1)

Furman v. Georgia

561

(5)

Note---The Death Penalty Cases of 1976

566

(6)

Mote---Coker v. Georgia

572

(1)

Note---Lockett v. Ohio

573

(2)

McCleskey v. Kemp

575

(7)

Other Cases on the Imposition of Capital Punishment

582

(2)

Victim Impact Evidence

584

(1)

Payne v. Tennessee

584

(4)

Mandatory Life Imprisonment

588

(1)

Forfeiture

589

(1)

Prisoners' Rights

590

(2)

Confining Dangerous Persons Other Than upon Criminal Conviction

592

(1)

Kansas v. Hendricks

593

(4)

Excessive Fines and Excessive Bail

597

(3)

Obtaining Evidence

600

(104)

The Exclusionary Rule

600

(20)

Mapp v. Ohio

602

(6)

Stone v. Powell

608

(4)

United States v. Leon

612

(7)

Other ``Honest Mistake'' Rulings

619

(1)

Warrantless Searches and Seizures

620

(41)

Consent

620

(1)

United States v. Drayton

621

(3)

Search Incident to Arrest

624

(1)

Chimel v. California

624

(3)

Other Cases on Arrests, Searches, and Detentions in and about the Home

627

(1)

Hot Pursuit

628

(1)

Warden v. Hayden

628

(1)

Motor Vehicles

629

(1)

Coolidge v. New Hampshire

629

(4)

Other Cases on Automobile Searches

633

(1)

Plain Sight

634

(1)

California v. Ciraolo

634

(3)

Kyllo v. United States

637

(3)

Note---Is There a ``Plain Touch'' Exception as Well?

640

(1)

Other Cases on the ``Plain Sight'' Exception

641

(2)

Emergencies and Inspections

643

(1)

Michigan v. Tyler

644

(3)

Street Stops

647

(1)

Terry v. Ohio

648

(3)

Sibron v. New York and Peters v. New York

651

(3)

Note---When May Police Officers Use Deadly Force?

654

(1)

Other Cases Drawing upon Terry v. Ohio

655

(2)

Border Searches

657

(1)

Probable Cause and Reasonableness

658

(1)

Cupp v. Murphy

659

(2)

Current Controversies in Search and Seizure Law

661

(22)

National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab

661

(6)

Other Cases Where ``Special Needs'' Have Been Asserted to Override the Requirement of Individualized Suspicion

667

(1)

New Jersey v. T.L.O.

668

(7)

Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz

675

(5)

California v. Greenwood

680

(3)

Wiretapping and Eavesdropping

683

(21)

Other Cases on the Expectation of Privacy

684

(1)

Olmstead v. United States

685

(4)

Berger v. New York

689

(2)

Katz v. United States

691

(3)

Note---Use of a Pen Register Does Not Constitute a ``Search''

694

(1)

Note---What Protection is There for Cordless Phones, Cell Phones, and E-Mail?

695

(1)

United States v. United States District Court for Eastern District of Michigan

696

(4)

Note---The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

700

(4)

The Right of Privacy

704

(71)

Reproductive Rights and Family Values Before Griswold

704

(2)

Recognizing a Constitutional Right of Privacy

706

(1)

Griswold v. Connecticut

707

(5)

Other Cases on Contraception Regulation After Griswold

712

(1)

Abortion

713

(1)

Roe v. Wade

713

(7)

Other Cases on Abortion Regulation After Roe v. Wade

720

(1)

City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health: Justice O'Connor's Dissenting Opinion

721

(2)

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

723

(11)

Stenberg v. Carhart

734

(5)

Note---The Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1993

739

(1)

Note---Antiabortion Protests and the Federal Racketeering Law

740

(1)

Restricting the Use of Public Funds and Facilities in Performing Abortions

740

(1)

Maher v. Roe

741

(3)

Note---The Constitutionality of the Hyde Amendment

744

(2)

Note---The Constitutionality of the ``Gag Rule''

746

(3)

Privacy and Other Lifestyle Issues

749

(1)

Bowers v. Hardwick

749

(7)

Exhibit 10.1---State Decriminalization of Private Sexual Acts Between Consenting Adults of the Same Sex

756

(2)

Grusendorf v. Oklahoma City

758

(3)

United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative

761

(2)

The Right to Die

763

(2)

Washington v. Glucksberg

765

(5)

Vacco v. Quill

770

(3)

Note---Oregon's Death With Dignity Law

773

(2)

Freedom of Speech

775

(155)

The Literal Meaning of ``Speech''

776

(2)

The Social Function of Speech

778

(2)

The Effects of Speech

780

(2)

The ``Clear and Present Danger'' Test

782

(29)

Justices Holmes and Brandeis and the ``Clear and Present Danger'' Test

782

(1)

Schenck v. United States

783

(1)

Note---Justice Holmes Dissenting in Abrams v. United States

784

(1)

Note---Justice Brandeis Concurring in Whitney v. California

785

(2)

The ``Bad Tendency'' Test

787

(1)

Gitlow v. New York

788

(3)

The Preferred Freedoms Approach

791

(1)

Thomas v. Collins: Justice Rutledge's Opinion

791

(3)

Terminiello v. Chicago

794

(4)

The ``Clear and Probable Danger'' Test

798

(4)

``Clear and Present Danger'' Triumphant

802

(1)

Brandenburg v. Ohio

802

(2)

Note---Murder by the Book

804

(2)

Note---The ``Nuremberg Files'' Case

806

(2)

The ``Heckler's Veto''

808

(1)

Note---The Feiner and Forsyth County Cases

809

(2)

Time, Place, and Manner Limitations

811

(47)

Speech in a ``Public Forum''

812

(1)

Adderley v. Florida

813

(2)

Note---Free Speech at the Airport: The ISKCON Cases

815

(4)

Ward v. Rock Against Racism

819

(4)

Note---Can Begging Be Banned?

823

(2)

Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.

825

(7)

Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia

832

(6)

Speech on Private Property

838

(1)

Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board

839

(5)

Note---Prune Yard Shopping Center v. Robins

844

(3)

City of Ladue v. Gilleo

847

(3)

Offensiveness

850

(1)

Cohen v. California

851

(2)

Note---The Outdoor Movie Screen

853

(1)

Note---The ``Filthy Words'' Monologue

854

(2)

Note---Nazis Marching Through Skokie

856

(1)

Other Cases on Time, Place, and Manner Limitations Generally

857

(1)

Symbolic Speech

858

(29)

Compelling the Flag Salute

858

(1)

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [The Flag Salute Case]

858

(7)

Protest in School

865

(1)

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

865

(4)

Draft Card Burning and the Beginning of Intermediate Scrutiny in the Regulation of ``Speech Plus''

869

(1)

United States v. O'Brien

870

(3)

Flag Burning and Nude Dancing: Whether to Apply the O'Brien Test

873

(1)

Texas v. Johnson

873

(7)

Cross Burning and Hate Speech

880

(1)

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul

881

(6)

Campaign Finance Reform, Corporate Speech, and Party Patronage

887

(25)

Campaign Finance Reform

887

(1)

Buckley v. Valeo

888

(7)

Note---The NCPAC Case

895

(3)

Corporate Speech

898

(1)

First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti

899

(4)

Note---The Controversy Over Advocacy by Public Utilities Using Bill Inserts

903

(3)

More Cases on the First Amendment and Legislation Aimed at Preserving the Integrity of the Electoral and Governmental Processes

906

(1)

Party Patronage

906

(1)

Branti v. Finkel

907

(5)

Commercial Speech

912

(15)

Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York

913

(7)

Note---State and Local Regulation of Tobacco Advertising

920

(2)

Other Cases On Commercial Speech

922

(1)

Note---The Ohralik and Primus Cases

922

(5)

Chapter Summary

927

(3)

Exhibit 11.1---The Three Tiers of Constitutional Scrutiny in Free Speech Cases

928

(2)

Freedom of the Press

930

(115)

Censorship and Prior Restraint

931

(44)

The Right to Publish

931

(1)

Near v. Minnesota

932

(5)

Note---Censorship and the 2 Live Crew Case

937

(3)

New York Times Co. v. United States [The Pentagon Papers Case]

940

(6)

Note---United States v. Progressive, Inc.

946

(2)

Note---Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn

948

(2)

Cases on the Constitutionality of Sanctions Imposed for Newspaper Publication of Lawfully Obtained Confidential Information

950

(1)

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier

950

(4)

Confidentiality of Sources

954

(1)

Branzburg v. Hayes

955

(2)

Note---In re Farber and the New York Times Co.

957

(4)

The Right of Access

961

(1)

Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo

961

(3)

Houchins v. KQED, Inc.

964

(7)

Note---The Freedom of Information Act

971

(1)

Note---Island Trees School District v. Pico

972

(3)

Obscenity

975

(31)

Roth v. United States and Alberts v. California

977

(5)

Stanley v. Georgia

982

(2)

Miller v. California

984

(3)

Note---Child Pornography Is Different

987

(3)

Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton

990

(4)

National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley

994

(4)

American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut

998

(5)

Note---The Regulation of Indecency

1003

(3)

Libel

1006

(21)

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

1006

(4)

Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts and Associated Press v. Walker

1010

(4)

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.

1014

(6)

Note---Time, Inc. v. Firestone

1020

(1)

Note---Herbert v. Lando

1021

(2)

Other Cases On Libel

1023

(1)

Beauharnais v. Illinois

1024

(3)

Fair Trial---Free Press

1027

(18)

Sheppard v. Maxwell

1028

(4)

Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart

1032

(4)

Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia

1036

(6)

Note---Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court

1042

(1)

Other Cases on Fair Trial---Free Press

1043

(2)

Freedom of Religion

1045

(78)

The Establishment Clause

1045

(58)

Prayer, Bible-Reading, and Sunday Closing Laws

1048

(2)

Lee v. Weisman

1050

(7)

Note---Does Permitting a Minute of Silent ``Prayer'' Constitute Government Endorsement of Religion?

1057

(4)

The Lemon Test and Financial Aid to Religion

1061

(1)

Walz v. Tax Commission of City of New York

1062

(3)

Lemon v. Kurtzman

1065

(4)

Tilton v. Richardson

1069

(5)

Agostini v. Felton

1074

(7)

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris

1081

(7)

Whither Lemon?

1088

(1)

Edwards v. Aguillard

1089

(4)

Note---Lynch v. Donnelly

1093

(2)

Note---Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Union

1095

(3)

Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet

1098

(5)

The Free Exercise of Religious Belief

1103

(20)

Thomas v. Indiana Employment Security Review Board

1104

(6)

Wisconsin v. Yoder

1110

(5)

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith

1115

(8)

Equal Protection of the Laws

1123

(1)

Racial Discrimination

1124

(55)

The Doctrine of ``Separate but Equal''

1124

(1)

Plessy v. Ferguson

1124

(4)

Sweatt v. Painter

1128

(2)

The Brown Decision

1130

(1)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I

1131

(3)

Note---Stell v. Savannah-Chatham County Board of Education

1134

(2)

Note---Bolling v. Sharpe

1136

(1)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II

1136

(2)

Cooper v. Aaron

1138

(4)

The Scope and Duration of Desegregation

1142

(1)

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

1142

(6)

Milliken v. Bradley

1148

(7)

Missouri v. Jenkins

1155

(5)

Proving Discriminatory Intent

1160

(1)

Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.

1161

(2)

Palmer v. Thompson

1163

(3)

Affirmative Action or ``Reverse Discrimination''

1166

(1)

Note---Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

1167

(3)

Other Cases on Affirmative Action

1170

(1)

City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.

1171

(8)

``Private'' Discrimination and the Concept of ``State Action''

1179

(29)

The Civil Rights Cases

1179

(4)

``State Action'' Under the Fourteenth Amendment

1183

(1)

Shelley v. Kraemer

1184

(2)

Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority

1186

(2)

Other Cases On ``State Action'' Decided by the Warren Court

1188

(1)

Note---Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis

1189

(1)

Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.

1190

(3)

Reaching Private Conduct Through the Thirteenth Amendment

1193

(1)

Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.

1194

(3)

Runyon v. McCrary

1197

(4)

Private Discrimination and First Amendment Issues

1201

(1)

Note---Denying Tax-Exempt Status to Private Schools That Practice Racial Discrimination

1202

(1)

Note---Roberts v. United States Jaycees

1202

(2)

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale

1204

(4)

Voting Rights and Electoral Discrimination

1208

(18)

The Voting Rights Act

1208

(1)

South Carolina v. Katzenbach

1209

(5)

Voting Rights and Constitutional Access to the Ballot

1214

(1)

Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15

1214

(4)

Note---Can a State Require That Candidates Be Selected by a Closed Primary or by a Blanket Primary?

1218

(2)

The 2000 Presidential Election

1220

(1)

Bush v. Gore

1221

(5)

Malapportionment

1226

(23)

Baker v. Carr

1226

(8)

Reynolds v. Sims

1234

(4)

Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly of Colorado

1238

(5)

Note---Davis v. Bandemer

1243

(1)

Shaw v. Reno

1244

(5)

Economic and Social Discrimination

1249

(1)

Social Welfare Benefits and Limitations on the Right to Travel

1250

(1)

Exhibit 14.1---The Supreme Court's Multi-Tier Approach to Equal Protection Analysis

1251

(1)

Shapiro v. Thompson

1252

(5)

Note---Receiving Social Welfare Benefits and the Right to International Travel

1257

(1)

Indigency

1258

(1)

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

1259

(10)

Note---Equality in the Financing of Public Education as a Matter of State Constitutional Law

1269

(1)

Illegitimacy

1270

(1)

Exhibit 14.2---State Court Rulings on the Equal Funding of Public Education

1271

(1)

Labine v. Vincent

1271

(3)

Gender

1274

(1)

Bradwell v. Illinois

1275

(2)

Frontiero v. Richardson

1277

(2)

Craig v. Boren

1279

(6)

United States v. Virginia

1285

(6)

Nguyen v. Immigration & Naturalization Service

1291

(6)

Age

1297

(1)

Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia

1297

(4)

Mental Impairment

1301

(1)

Note---City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center

1302

(1)

Sexual Preference

1303

(1)

Steffan v. Perry

1304

(5)

Romer v. Evans

1309

(4)

Note---Same-Sex Marriage, the Full Faith and Credit Clause, and Civil Unions

1313

(2)

Alienage

1315

(1)

Ambach v. Norwick

1316

(4)

Note---Illegal Aliens and Public Education

1320

(1)

Note---The Constitutionality of State Action Denying Benefits to Illegal Aliens

1321

APPENDIX A. TIME CHART OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT

(1)

APPENDIX B. BIOGRAPHICAL CHART OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICES SINCE 1900

(1)

APPENDIX C. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE CURRENT JUSTICES

(1)

APPENDIX D. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

(1)

APPENDIX E. A BRIEF GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATIONS AND RESEARCH

(1)

Exhibit E.1---The National Reporter System

(1)

Exhibit E.2---Map of the National Reporter System

Glossary

(1)

Index

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Constitutional Interpretation

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials