Constitutional Interpretation Rights of the Individual, Volume II

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ISBN: 9780534614003 | 0534614000
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Copyright: 6/9/2003

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Preface. Table of Cases. Table of Contents. 7. Property Rights and Economic Liberties. 8. Due Process of Law. 9. Obtaining Evidence. 10. The Right of Privacy. 11. Freedom of Speech. 12. Freedom of the Press. 13. Freedom of Religion. 14. Equal Protection of the Laws. Appendix D: The Constitution of the United States. Appendix E: A Brief Guide to Legal Citations and Research. Glossary. Index.

Preface

Summary of Contents

viii

Table of Cases

Introduction

xxv

CHAPTER 8 DUE PROCESS OF LAW

467

(133)

A. DUE PROCESS AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM: THE SELECTIVE INCORPORATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS INTO THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT

467

(34)

The Bill of Rights Before Incorporation

467

(8)

Barron v. The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore

468

(2)

Butchers' Benevolent Association v. Crescent City Livestock Landing & Slaughterhouse Co. [The Slaughterhouse Cases]

470

(5)

The Theories and Process of Incorporation

475

(18)

Exhibit 8.1-The Four Theories of Incorporation

478

(1)

Exhibit 8.2-The Process of Incorporation

479

(2)

Hurtado v. California

481

(3)

Palko v. Connecticut

484

(2)

Adamson v. California

486

(4)

Rochip v. California

490

(3)

The Jury Trial Guarantee: A Case Study of Incorporation

493

(5)

The Nonincorporated Second Amendment

498

(3)

B. THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL

501

(32)

Competing Priorities in Criminal Justice

501

(6)

Herbert L. Packer, Two Models of the Criminal Process

502

(5)

The Right to Counsel at Trial

507

(10)

Powell v. Alabama

508

(3)

Gideon v. Wainwright

511

(6)

Note-The Effective Assistance of Counsel

515

(2)

Other Cases on Effective Assistance to the Defense

517

(1)

The Pretrial Right to Counsel

517

(16)

Miranda v. Arizona

518

(9)

Note-The Right to Counsel at Lineups

525

(2)

Brewer v. Williams

527

(9)

Note-Nix v. Williams: The "Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" Doctrine and the "Inevitable Discovery" Exception

532

(1)

C. THE RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION

533

(16)

California v. Byers

536

(7)

Note-Testimonial Evidence in Drunk Driving Cases

540

(2)

The Voluntariness of Confessions Before Miranda

542

(1)

Admissibility of Confessions After Miranda

543

(13)

New York v. Quarles

544

(5)

D. CONFRONTATION AND CROSS-EXAMINATION

549

(7)

Maryland v. Craig

550

(6)

E. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

556

(44)

Punishment for an Act, Not a Condition

556

(4)

Robinson v. California

556

(4)

Note-Powell v. Texas

558

(2)

The Death Penalty

560

(24)

Furman v. Georgia

561

(14)

Note-The Death Penalty Cases of 1976

566

(6)

Note-Coker v. Georgia

572

(1)

Note-Lockett v. Ohio

573

(2)

McCleskey v. Kemp

575

(9)

Other Cases on the Imposition of Capital Punishment

582

(2)

Victim Impact Evidence

584

(4)

Payne v. Tennessee

584

(4)

Mandatory Life Imprisonment

588

(1)

Forfeiture

589

(1)

Prisoners' Rights

590

(2)

Confining Dangerous Persons Other Than upon Criminal Conviction

592

(5)

Kansas v. Hendricks

593

(4)

Excessive Fines and Excessive Bail

597

(3)

CHAPTER 9 OBTAINING EVIDENCE

600

(104)

A. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE

600

(20)

Mapp v. Ohio

602

(6)

Stone v. Powell

608

(4)

United States v. Leon

612

(8)

Other "Honest Mistake" Rulings

619

(1)

B. WARRANTLESS SEARCHES AND SEIZURES

620

(41)

Consent

620

(4)

United States v. Drayton

621

(3)

Search Incident to Arrest

624

(4)

Chimel v. California

624

(4)

Other Cases on Arrests, Searches, and Detentions in and about the Home

627

(1)

Hot Pursuit

628

(1)

Warden v. Hayden

628

(1)

Motor Vehicles

629

(5)

Coolidge v. New Hampshire

629

(5)

Other Cases on Automobile Searches

633

(1)

Plain Sight

634

(9)

California v. Ciraolo

634

(3)

Kyllo v. United States

637

(6)

Note-Is There a "Plain Touch" Exception as Well?

640

(1)

Other Cases on the "Plain Sight" Exception

641

(2)

Emergencies and Inspections

643

(4)

Michigan v. Tyler

644

(3)

Street Stops

647

(10)

Terry v. Ohio

648

(3)

Sibron v. New York and Peters v. New York

651

(7)

Note-When May Police Officers Use Deadly Force?

654

(1)

Other Cases Drawing upon Terry v. Ohio

655

(2)

Border Searches

657

(1)

Probable Cause and Reasonableness

658

(3)

Cupp v. Murphy

659

(2)

C. CURRENT CONTROVERSIES IN SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW

661

(22)

National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab

661

(7)

Other Cases Where "Special Needs" Have Been Asserted to Override the Requirement of Individualized Suspicion

667

(1)

New Jersey v. T.L.O.

668

(7)

Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz

675

(5)

California v. Greenwood

680

(3)

D. WIRETAPPING AND EAVESDROPPING

683

(21)

Other Cases on the Expectation of Privacy

684

(1)

Olmstead v. United States

685

(4)

Berger v. New York

689

(2)

Katz v. United States

691

(5)

Note-Use of a Pen Register Does Not Constitute a "Search"

694

(1)

Note-What Protection is There for Cordless Phones, Cell Phones, and E-Mail?

695

(1)

United States v. United States District Court for Eastern District of Michigan

696

(10)

Note-The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

700

(4)

CHAPTER 10 THE RIGHT OF PRIVACY

704

(71)

Reproductive Rights and Family Values Before Griswold

704

(2)

Recognizing a Constitutional Right of Privacy

706

(7)

Griswold v. Connecticut

707

(6)

Other Cases on Contraception Regulation After Griswold

712

(1)

Abortion

713

(27)

Roe v. Wade

713

(8)

Other Cases on Abortion Regulation After Roe v. Wade

720

(1)

City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health: Justice O'Connor's Dissenting Opinion

721

(2)

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

723

(11)

Stenberg v. Carhart

734

(6)

Note-The Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1993

739

(1)

Note-Antiabortion Protests and the Federal Racketeering Law

740

(1)

Restricting the Use of Public Funds and Facilities in Performing Abortions

740

(9)

Maher v. Roe

741

(8)

Note-The Constitutionality of the Hyde Amendment

744

(2)

Note-The Constitutionality of the "Gag Rule"

746

(3)

Privacy and Other Lifestyle Issues

749

(14)

Bowers v. Hardwick

749

(9)

Exhibit 10.1-State Decriminalization of Private Sexual Acts Between Consenting Adults of the Same Sex

756

(2)

Grusendorf v. Oklahoma City

758

(3)

United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers'

Cooperative

761

(2)

The Right to Die

763

(12)

Washington v. Glucksberg

765

(5)

Vacco v. Quill

770

(12)

Note-Oregon's Death With Dignity Law

773

(2)

CHAPTER 11 FREEDOM OF SPEECH

775

(155)

The Literal Meaning of "Speech"

776

(2)

The Social Function of Speech

778

(2)

The Effects of Speech

780

(2)

A. THE "CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER" TEST

782

(29)

Justices Holmes and Brandeis and the "Clear and Present Danger" Test

782

(5)

Schenck v. United States

783

(4)

Note Justice Holmes Dissenting in Abrams v. United States

784

(1)

Note-Justice Brandeis Concurring in Whitney v. California

785

(2)

The "Bad Tendency" Test

787

(4)

Gitlow v. New York

788

(3)

The Preferred Freedoms Approach

791

(7)

Thomas v. Collins: Justice Rutledge's Opinion

791

(3)

Terminiello v. Chicago

794

(4)

The "Clear and Probable Danger" Test

798

(4)

"Clear and Present Danger" Triumphant

802

(6)

Brandenburg v. Ohio

802

(6)

Note-Murder by the Book

804

(2)

Note-The "Nuremberg Files" Case

806

(2)

The "Heckler's Veto"

808

(3)

Note-The Feiner and Forsyth County Cases

809

(2)

B. TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER LIMITATIONS

811

(47)

Speech in a "Public Forum"

812

(26)

Adderley v. Florida

813

(6)

Note-Free Speech at the Airport: The ISKCON Cases

815

(4)

Ward v. Rock Against Racism

819

(6)

Note-Can Begging Be Banned?

823

(2)

Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.

825

(7)

Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia

832

(6)

Speech on Private Property

838

(12)

Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board

839

(8)

Note-PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins

844

(3)

City of Ladue v. Gilleo

847

(3)

Offensiveness

850

(8)

Cohen v. California

851

(7)

Note-The Outdoor Movie Screen

853

(1)

Note-The "Filthy Words" Monologue

854

(2)

Note-Nazis Marching Through Skokie

856

(1)

Other Cases on Time, Place, and Manner Limitations Generally

857

(1)

C. SYMBOLIC SPEECH

858

(29)

Compelling the Flag Salute

858

(7)

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [The Flag Salute Case]

858

(7)

Protest in School

865

(4)

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

865

(4)

Draft Card Burning and the Beginning of Intermediate Scrutiny in the Regulation of "Speech Plus"

869

(4)

United States v. O'Brien

870

(3)

Flag Burning and Nude Dancing: Whether to Apply the O'Brien Test

873

(7)

Texas v. Johnson

873

(7)

Cross Burning and Hate Speech

880

(7)

R.A.V v. City of St. Paul

881

(6)

D. CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM, CORPORATE SPEECH, AND PARTY PATRONAGE

887

(25)

Campaign Finance Reform

887

(11)

Buckley v. Valeo

888

(10)

Note-The NCPAC Case

895

(3)

Corporate Speech

898

(8)

First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti

899

(7)

Note-The Controversy Over Advocacy by Public Utilities Using Bill Inserts

903

(3)

More Cases on the First Amendment and Legislation Aimed at Preserving the Integrity of the Electoral and Governmental Processes

906

(1)

Party Patronage

906

(6)

Branci v. Finkel

907

(5)

E. COMMERCIAL SPEECH

912

(15)

Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York

913

(14)

Note-State and Local Regulation of Tobacco Advertising

920

(2)

Other Cases On Commercial Speech

922

(1)

Note-The Ohralik and Primus Cases

922

(5)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

927

(3)

Exhibit 11.1-The Three Tiers of Constitutional Scrutiny in Free Speech Cases

928

(2)

CHAPTER 12 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS

930

(115)

A. CENSORSHIP AND PRIOR RESTRAINT

931

(44)

The Right to Publish

931

(23)

Near v. Minnesota 932 Note-Censorship and the 2 Live Crew Case

937

(3)

New York Times Co, v. United States [The Pentagon Papers Case]

940

(10)

Note-United States v. Progressive, Inc.

946

(2)

Note-Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn

948

(2)

Cases on the Constitutionality of Sanctions Imposed for Newspaper Publication of Lawfully Obtained Confidential Information

950

(1)

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier

950

(4)

Confidentiality of Sources

954

(7)

Branzburg v. Hayes

955

(6)

Note-In re Farber and the New York Times Co.

957

(4)

The Right of Access

961

(14)

Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo

961

(3)

Houchins v. KQED, Inc.

964

(20)

Note-The Freedom of Information Act

971

(1)

Note-Island Trees School District v. Pico

972

(3)

B. OBSCENITY

975

(31)

Roth v. United States and Alberts v. California

977

(5)

Stanley v. Georgia

982

(2)

Miller v. California

984

(6)

Note-Child Pornography Is Different

987

(3)

Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton

990

(4)

National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley

994

(4)

American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut

998

(8)

Note-The Regulation of Indecency

1003

(3)

C. LIBEL

1006

(21)

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

1006

(4)

Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts and Associated Press v. Walker

1010

(4)

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.

1014

(10)

Note-Time, Inc. v. Firestone

1020

(1)

Note-Herbert v. Lando

1021

(2)

Other Cases On Libel

1023

(1)

Beauharnais v. Illinois

1024

(3)

D. FAIR TRIAL-FREE PRESS

1027

(18)

Sheppard v. Maxwell

1028

(4)

Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart

1032

(4)

Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia

1036

(9)

Note-Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court

1042

(1)

Other Cases on Fair Trial-Free Press

1043

(2)

CHAPTER 13 FREEDOM OF RELIGION

1045

(78)

A. THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE

1045

(58)

Prayer, Bible-Reading, and Sunday Closing Laws

1048

(13)

Lee v. Weisman

1050

(11)

Note-Does Permitting a Minute of Silent "Prayer" Constitute Government Endorsement of Religion?

1057

(4)

The Lemon Test and Financial Aid to Religion

1061

(27)

Walz v. Tax Commission of City of New York

1062

(3)

Lemon v. Kurtzman

1065

(4)

Tilton v. Richardson

1069

(5)

Agostini v. Felton

1074

(7)

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris

1081

(7)

Whither Lemon?

1088

(15)

Edwards v. Aguillard

1089

(9)

Note-Lynch v. Donnelly

1093

(2)

Note-Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Union

1095

(3)

Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumes

1098

(5)

B. THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF

1103

(20)

Thomas v. Indiana Employment Security Review Board

1104

(6)

Wisconsin v. Yoder

1110

(5)

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith

1115

(8)

CHAPTER 14 EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS

1123

(201)

A. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

1124

(55)

The Doctrine of "Separate but Equal"

1124

(6)

Plessy v. Ferguson

1124

(4)

Sweats v. Painter

1128

(2)

The Brown Decision

1130

(12)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I

1131

(5)

Note-Stell v. Savannah-Chatham County Board of Education

1134

(2)

Note-Bolling v. Sharpe

1136

(1)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II

1136

(2)

Cooper v. Aaron

1138

(4)

The Scope and Duration of Desegregation

1142

(18)

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

1142

(6)

Milliken v. Bradley

1148

(7)

Missouri v. Jenkins

1155

(5)

Proving Discriminatory Intent

1160

(6)

Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.

1161

(5)

Palmer v. Thompson

1163

(3)

Affirmative Action or "Reverse Discrimination"

1166

(13)

Note-Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

1167

(3)

Other Cases on Affirmative Action

1170

(1)

City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.

1171

(8)

B. "PRIVATE" DISCRIMINATION AND THE CONCEPT OF "STATE ACTION"

1179

(29)

The Civil Rights Cases

1179

(4)

"State Action" Under the Fourteenth Amendment

1183

(10)

Shelley v. Kraemer

1184

(2)

Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority

1186

(4)

Other Cases On "State Action" Decided by the Warren Court

1188

(1)

Note-Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis

1189

(1)

Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.

1190

(3)

Reaching Private Conduct Through the Thirteenth Amendment

1193

(8)

Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.

1194

(3)

Runynn v. McCrary

1197

(4)

Private Discrimination and First Amendment Issues

1201

(7)

Note-Denying Tax-Exempt Status to Private Schools That Practice Racial Discrimination

1202

(1)

Note-Roberts v. United States Jaycees

1202

(2)

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale

1204

(4)

C. VOTING RIGHTS AND ELECTORAL DISCRIMINATION

1208

(18)

The Voting Rights Act

1208

(6)

South Carolina v. Katzenbach

1209

(5)

Voting Rights and Constitutional Access to the Ballot

1214

(6)

Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15

1214

(6)

Note-Can a State Require That Candidates Be Selected by a Closed Primary or by a Blanket Primary?

1218

(2)

The 2000 Presidential Election

1220

(6)

Bush v. Gore

1221

(5)

D. MALAPPORTIONMENT

1226

(23)

Baker v. Carr

1226

(8)

Reynolds v. Sims

1234

(4)

Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly of Colorado

1238

(6)

Note-Davis v. Banderoer

1243

(1)

Shaw v. Reno

1244

(5)

E. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION

1249

Social Welfare Benefits and Limitations on the Right to Travel

1250

(8)

Exhibit 14.1-The Supreme Court's Multi Tier Approach to Equal Protection Analysis

1251

(1)

Shapiro v. Thompson

1252

(6)

Note-Receiving Social Welfare

Benefits and the Right to International Travel

1257

(1)

Indigency

1258

(12)

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

1259

(11)

Note-Equality in the Financing of Public Education as a Matter of State Constitutional Law

1269

(1)

Illegitimacy

1270

(4)

Exhibit 14.2-State Court Rulings on the Equal Funding of Public Education

1271

(1)

Labine v. Vincent

1271

(3)

Gender

1274

(23)

Bradwell v. Illinois

1275

(2)

Frontiero v. Richardson

1277

(2)

Craig v. Boren

1279

(6)

United States v. Virginia

1285

(6)

Nguyen v. Immigration & Naturalization Service

1291

(6)

Age

1297

(4)

Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgig

1297

(4)

Mental Impairment

1301

(2)

Note-City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center

1302

(1)

Sexual Preference

1303

(12)

Steffan v. Perry

1304

(5)

Romer v. Evans

1309

(6)

Note-Same-Sex Marriage, the Full Faith and Credit Clause, and Civil Unions

1313

(2)

Alienage

1315

(9)

Ambach v. Norwick

1316

(8)

Note-Illegal Aliens and Public Education

1320

(1)

Note-The Constitutionality of State Action Denying Benefits to Illegal Aliens

1321

(3)

ESSAY THE MODES OF CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION

1324

APPENDIX A. TIME CHART OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT

APPENDIX B. BIOGRAPHICAL CHART OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICES SINCE 1900

APPENDIX C. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE CURRENT JUSTICES

APPENDIX D. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

APPENDIX E. A BRIEF GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATIONS AND RESEARCH

Exhibit E.1-The National Reporter System

Exhibit E.2-Map of the National Reporter System

GLOSSARY

INDEX

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Constitutional Interpretation Rights of the Individual, Volume II

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials