Constructing a European Market Standards,

Efforts to tackle the trade impeding effects of divergent standards and regulations are at the core of European economic relations. This volume draws on literature from several disciplines to develop a comprehensive account of the regulatory strategies and institutional arrangements adopted by the European Union in promoting the single market in goods.

Michelle Egan, Assistant Professor, School of International Service, American University, Washington D.C.

List of Figures

xi

List of Tables

xii

List of Abbreviations

xiii

Introduction

1

(11)

Understanding regulation

4

(3)

Markets and firms

7

(1)

The use of comparison

7

(2)

Plan of the book

9

(3)

Regulating Europe: The Political Economy of Market-Building

12

(28)

The regulatory polity

15

(3)

Regulation and European integration

18

(4)

Economic theories of integration and state capacity

22

(2)

Different theories and approaches to regulation: an overview

24

(7)

Beyond capture: private interest governance and the regulatory process

31

(2)

Regulating markets in the USA: comparisons across time and space

33

(5)

Conclusion

38

(2)

Removing Barriers to Trade: Empirical Evidence

40

(21)

Tackling barriers to trade

40

(4)

The political economy of protection

44

(2)

Estimating the costs of non-Europe

46

(3)

Business perceptions

49

(2)

Technical barriers to trade and market access

51

(1)

Standards, regulations, and testing and certification

52

(6)

Non-tariff barriers and third countries

58

(1)

Conclusion

59

(2)

Harmonization: The Slow Strategy Forward

61

(22)

Introduction

61

(1)

The free movement of goods in the Treaty

62

(2)

The legal foundation to address trade barriers

64

(3)

Early efforts at tackling trade barriers

67

(2)

The General Programme for the removal of technical obstacles to trade

69

(3)

Domestic politics and Euro-harmonization

72

(6)

Assessing problems in market harmonization

78

(3)

Conclusion

81

(2)

The Intersection of Law and Markets

83

(26)

The emergence of free trade

83

(3)

Summary of existing legal analysis

86

(2)

Interpreting the treaty basis concerning free trade

88

(11)

The post-Cassis environment: regulating the market or the state?

99

(7)

The intersection of law, regulation, and markets

106

(2)

Conclusion: laying the groundwork for regulatory reform

108

(1)

Regulatory Reform and the Single Market Programme

109

(24)

The state of the Internal Market: political and institutional reform

111

(2)

The White Paper: a programme for action

113

(2)

New regulatory strategies for market integration

115

(15)

Conclusion

130

(3)

Setting European Standards: Politics, Rules, and Norms

133

(33)

History and origins of the European standards bodies

135

(3)

The structure and operation of the European standards bodies

138

(8)

The establishment of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute

146

(3)

The structure and operation of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute

149

(2)

The creation of the European Organization for Testing and Certification

151

(2)

The European Organization for Testing and Certification

153

(1)

How standards are developed

154

(5)

Negotiating dynamics

159

(2)

Organizational culture and operating norms

161

(4)

Conclusion: interlocking politics

165

(1)

Case Studies in Standards Negotiations

166

(44)

Introduction

166

(3)

Case 1: the toy directive

169

(9)

Case 2: the machinery directive

178

(10)

Case 3: medical devices

188

(11)

Case 4: construction products

199

(9)

The common thread: overcoming coordination problems and negotiating agreement

208

(2)

Market Management: Assessing and Evaluating the Standards Process

210

(26)

The standards debate

210

(2)

The Green Paper on standardization

212

(6)

Industry responses to EU proposals

218

(2)

Reactions from the national standards bodies

220

(2)

Reactions from the European standards bodies

222

(1)

Regulatory oversight of European standardization

223

(6)

Monitoring the single market: effectiveness and efficiency

229

(2)

Market management and regulatory reform

231

(3)

Conclusion

234

(2)

Strategic Firms in an Integrated Market

236

(24)

Commission surveys and analysis

238

(4)

Company assessments: industrial organization and market behaviour

242

(5)

Perceived opportunities and constraints

247

(1)

Making the single market work for business

248

(3)

Exporting Europe: impacts on third country firms

251

(7)

Conclusion

258

(2)

Conclusion: Governance and Market-Building

260

(13)

The transformation of governance

261

(2)

Governance and private interests

263

(2)

Bargaining and negotiations in standardization

265

(1)

Regulating delegation: accountability, oversight, and legitimacy

266

(2)

Through a comparative lens: law and imperfect markets

268

(5)

Notes

273

(82)

Index

355

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Constructing a European Market Standards, Regulation, and Governance

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials