The Counselling Interview Key Skills and Processes

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ISBN: 9781403947277 | 1403947279
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/15/2008

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Interviewing is a crucial skill in the human service industries, and this book takes the reader through the process of conducting an effective interview. This text provides clear guidance for students who need to learn to manage interviews with a range of clients in human service organizations. It presumes no prior knowledge and takes a stance with less emphasis on therapeutic processes than many others in this area. This clear and readable text provides examples, boxed highlights, a glossary of terms, and exercises to bring ideas vividly to the reader and has real practical value for developing professionals.

Introduction	p. 1
The purpose of this book	p. 1
Who is the interviewer?	p. 1
The helping model in this book	p. 2
Qualities of the effective professional helper	p. 3
Using this book	p. 3
Overview of Processes, Stages and Contexts of Helping	p. 5
Processes and stages within the single interview	p. 5
Beginning the interview effectively	p. 6
Responding with a range of reflective and empathic responses	p. 6
Managing direction and movement throughout the interview	p. 7
Achieving the work of the interview	p. 7
Managing the conclusion of the interview	p. 8
Stages in the helping process over several interviews	p. 8
Stage one - making a connection, exploring issues and gathering relevant information	p. 9
Stage two - locating client strengths, directions and goals	p. 10
Stage three - action strategies for change	p. 10
The contexts of modern interviewing practice in the human services	p. 11
Personal and social contexts for modern life	p. 11
Values contexts in professional practice in the human services	p. 14
Organizational contexts of human service work	p. 16
Gendered contexts of interviewing	p. 19
Chapter Overview	p. 22
Making the Initial Connection with Nonverbal and Verbal Skills	p. 23
Nonverbal skills: key processes in connecting	p. 24
The unspoken realm of communication	p. 24
Gender and culture in nonverbal communication	p. 25
Effective nonverbal behaviour in the interview	p. 26
The classic nonverbal attending position	p. 28
Furniture and physical surrounding for interviewing	p. 28
Avoiding physical barriers	p. 29
Forward body lean	p. 29
Space considerations in body positioning	p. 30
Use of eye contact and qualities of eye gaze	p. 31
Relaxed use of attending functions	p. 31
Facial expression	p. 32
Hand gestures and other body movements	p. 32
Head nodding	p. 33
Psychological attending	p. 33
Following skills in the counselling interview	p. 35
Verbal 'door openers'	p. 35
Occasional sub-verbal sounds	p. 35
Minimal reflections	p. 36
Appropriate attentive silence	p. 37
Verbal foundations of empathic responding	p. 38
Maintaining the reflective approach	p. 38
The concept of active empathy	p. 40
Reaching for shared meaning in the interpreted interview	p. 41
Background issues to consider in using an interpreter	p. 42
Roadblocks to empathic interview management	p. 45
Chapter Overview	p. 50
Paraphrasing as the Foundation of Effective Responding	p. 51
Reflective components of the paraphrase	p. 51
Reflection of feeling	p. 52
Immediacy as a quality of feeling reflections	p. 53
The nature of feelings	p. 54
Expanding vocabularies to accurately acknowledge clients' feelings	p. 54
Feeling word lists	p. 56
Reflection of situation	p. 58
Reflection of behaviour	p. 59
Linking components to make a paraphrase	p. 61
Examples of paraphrases	p. 62
Order of components in a paraphrase	p. 64
Ways to help clients to identify and link feelings, situations and behaviours	p. 66
Self-talk and internal behaviours	p. 66
Separating feelings from situations/behaviours	p. 67
Strengths perspective in paraphrasing	p. 69
Purposes of summaries	p. 71
Chapter Overview	p. 73
Prompting the Client and Recording the Interview	p. 75
Causes of inappropriate probing	p. 76
The difference between questions and probes	p. 77
Open and closed forms of probes	p. 78
Directed and restricted probes	p. 79
Probes to avoid	p. 79
Why questions	p. 80
Leading or suggestive probes	p. 80
Advice disguized as questions	p. 80
Double and garbled questions	p. 80
Accidental questions	p. 81
Probes in different stages of interviewing	p. 81
Purposes of questions or probes in different stages	p. 82
Using probes to help clients to be more specific and detailed in exploring issues	p. 82
Using probes to focus on clients' strengths, needs, wants and goals	p. 83
But avoid probes asking the client about final solutions	p. 83
Recording processes in the interview	p. 84
Pressure of notetaking	p. 85
Taping or video recording interviews	p. 86
General consideration of all types of recording in interviewing	p. 86
Chapter Overview	p. 87
Managing the Focus of the Interview	p. 89
The importance of a preliminary mapping of the issues	p. 89
Defining focus points in the interview	p. 91
Initiating the interaction effectively	p. 91
Getting started	p. 91
Defining purpose and scope	p. 92
Planning the interpreted interview	p. 93
Tensions between empathy and direction	p. 94
Interviewing clients who seem unresponsive	p. 96
The issue of client 'resistance'	p. 97
Focusing the over-talkative client	p. 98
Managing transitions between points in the interview	p. 99
The nature of transitions	p. 100
Types of transitions	p. 101
Steps and processes in the well-managed transition	p. 102
Selecting the issue for focus	p. 103
Summarizing the main points from an issue or aspect of the client's story	p. 103
Signalling the worker's intention to shift the focus	p. 104
Using an open probe to make the shift	p. 105
Empathic responding to the client's follow-on material	p. 105
Concluding the interview	p. 106
Chapter Overview	p. 109
Goal and Action Work with Clients	p. 111
Importance of the behaviour element in preparing for goal focused work	p. 112
Forms of client behaviour	p. 112
Visible, external behaviours or actions	p. 113
Internalized behaviours	p. 113
Reframing clients' negative thinking	p. 114
Recognizing patterns in clients' thinking	p. 115
Helping clients with blind spots	p. 118
Focusing on goals and managing client change processes	p. 119
Goal directed thinking - or not!	p. 120
Internal thought processes and goal-focused work	p. 121
The positive impact of well-formed goals	p. 122
Well-formed goals	p. 123
Keep goal talk simple	p. 124
Goal bridges and the miracle question	p. 125
Brainstorming strategies	p. 125
Best-fit approach to selecting strategies	p. 127
Turning goals into solution-focused action - the path to change	p. 128
The importance of small 'baby' steps towards change	p. 128
Case study - Jo's plan of baby steps toward change	p. 128
Motivational interviewing approaches	p. 131
Phases of motivational work	p. 131
A framework for assessing motivational states	p. 132
Building motivation for change	p. 132
Strengthening clients' commitment to change	p. 134
Cognitive-behavioural strategies	p. 135
Background issues in the development of CBT	p. 135
Continuing importance of inner language and self-talk in behaviour change	p. 136
Conditioning and cognitive learning theory	p. 137
Cognitive information processing	p. 137
Self-attribution and constructive narrative	p. 137
Resilience in goal and action work	p. 138
Chapter Overview	p. 140
Managing Crises: Violence, Self-Harm and Anger	p. 141
Crisis management in interviewing	p. 141
Sources of crises	p. 142
Interviewing emphases with clients in crisis	p. 143
Clients who threaten violence and self-harm	p. 146
Self-protective plans and clients with violent backgrounds	p. 148
Clients who discuss suicide	p. 148
Professional obligations to warn and report	p. 150
Managing anger in interviews	p. 152
Practitioner and client anger	p. 152
Issues about expressed and repressed anger	p. 153
Anger, stress and hostility	p. 154
The uses of anger	p. 155
Chapter Overview	p. 156
Self-care in Counselling	p. 157
Defining stress	p. 157
Three phases of the general adaptation system (GAS)	p. 158
Alarm or reaction	p. 158
Resistance or adaptation	p. 158
Exhaustion	p. 159
A case study of stress	p. 159
Susceptibility and resistance to stress	p. 161
Control issues and stress	p. 161
Professional burnout	p. 163
Symptoms of professional burnout	p. 164
Learning to survive - strategies to manage stress and burnout	p. 165
Organizationally located strategies	p. 165
Maintaining physical health and well-being	p. 166
Defending oneself with communication skills	p. 166
Building internal control	p. 166
Growing resilience in self and others	p. 167
Support and supervision as stress management	p. 167
The value of reflexive learning in practice	p. 169
Layers of learning in reflexive practice	p. 169
Challenges to the reflexive mode of practice	p. 171
Transformative learning practices	p. 172
Chapter Overview and Conclusion	p. 174
Epilogue	p. 175
References	p. 177
Index	p. 183
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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The Counselling Interview Key Skills and Processes

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