Criminology and Justice

, by Voigt, Lydia; Thornton, William E.; Barrile, Leo; Seaman, Jerrol M.

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ISBN: 9780070645288 | 0070645280
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1994

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CRIMINOLOGY AND JUSTICE is comprehensive, well-researched, and sophisticated - the perfect introduction to criminology. For use in both Sociology and Criminal Justice departments, this text offers detailed coverage of the types and theories of crime.

Preface

xxiii

PART 1 Introduction to the Study of Crime and Criminal Law

(64)

Crime, Criminals, and Criminal Justice: Public Opinion versus Expert Knowledge

(35)

The Development and Diffusion of Crime Information

(20)

The Social Construction of Crime

(7)

Diffusion of Crime Information and Perceptions

(6)

Television's ``Mean World Syndrome''

(1)

Public Opinion of Crime, Criminals, and Criminal Justice

(7)

Public Reactions to Crime and Public Policy

(5)

Possession of Guns

(1)

Vigilantism

(1)

Neighborhood Crime Prevention Associations

(2)

Target Hardening

(1)

Crime Control through Environmental Design

(1)

Private Security

(1)

The Economic and Social Costs of Crime

(1)

What is Criminology and What is Criminology's Role in Society?

(6)

How Is Criminology Related to the Three Complexes?

(1)

Is Criminology a Science?

(1)

What Role Does the Law Play in Defining Criminology?

(1)

Does Criminology Have the Status of an Independent Field of Study'?

(1)

What Is the Subject Matter of Criminology?

(4)

Summary and Conclusion

(2)

Criminal Law: Historical and Contemporary Processes

(27)

Social Control, Social Processes, and the Law

(3)

Socialization and Social Control

(1)

Social Control and Societal Complexity

(1)

Law as Formal Social Control

(2)

Historical Antecedents of American Law

(7)

Premodern Legal Systems

(4)

The Development of American Law

(3)

The Definition of Criminal Law and Crime

(9)

General Principles of Criminal Liability

(3)

Contemporary Defenses to a Criminal Prosecution

(1)

The Severity of Crime

(4)

Competing Theoretical Models of Law and Society

(3)

Value Consensus Theory

(1)

Pluralistic Theory

(1)

Class Conflict Theory

(1)

Evaluation of the Alternative Models

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

(4)

PART 2 The Extent and Measurement of Crime and Victimization

(62)

The Measurement of Crime

(60)

Official Statistics: Uniform Crime Reports

(18)

Index Crimes and Their Definitions

(3)

Pattern of Offenses

(4)

Is Crime Getting Worse?

(1)

Profile of Arrestees

(4)

Critical Evaluation of Uniform Crime Reports

(4)

Uniform Crime Reports in the Future

(1)

Victim Surveys

(6)

Victims' Failure to Report Victimizations to Police

(1)

Victim Accounts: Crime Trends and Offender Characteristics

(1)

Critical Evaluation of the National Crime Victimization Survey

(1)

Self-Report Studies

(3)

The Amount of Hidden Crime and Delinquency

(1)

Profile of Self-Reported Offenders

(2)

Critique of Self-Report Studies

(1)

Developmental Analysis: Cohorts and Careers

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

(4)

Victims of Crime

An Overview of the Victim's Role in the Law and Social Science

100

(3)

Test Your Knowledge of Victims

100

(2)

Typologies of Victims

102

(1)

The International Study Institute on Victimology

103

(1)

The Relative Risk of or Vulnerability to Crime in Various Groups

103

(4)

Differential Vulnerability

103

(1)

Sexual and Physical Abuse of Children and Institutionalized Individuals

104

(3)

Victim Culpabiltty or Relative Responsibility for Crime

107

(5)

Victim Innocence, Facilitation, and Precipitation

108

(1)

Juveniles on Death Row: Victimizers Who Are Victims

108

(2)

Situational Relationships and Involvement in Victimization

110

(1)

Victim Blaming and Victim Bashing: The Attribution of Responsibility

111

(1)

The consequences of victimization

112

(6)

Emotional Effects of Crime: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

112

(1)

The Social Effects of Victimization

113

(1)

Reactions and Concerns of Rape Victims

114

(2)

Fear of Crime: A Common Consequence of Actual and Perceived Victimization

116

(2)

Victims and the Criminal Justice System

118

(5)

Victims and the Police

118

(1)

Victims and the Courts

119

(1)

Victim and Witness Assistance Programs (VWAPs)

120

(1)

Dispute Resolution: An Alternative to Adversarial Adjudication

121

(1)

Restitution and Compensation: The Justice System's Advocacy for Victims

122

(1)

Third-Party Liability Suits

123

(1)

Victim Advocacy: Groups Furnishing Support Services and Strategies for Crime Prevention

123

(2)

Victim Interest Groups: Service, Support, and Lobbying

123

(1)

Citizen Patrols: Community Attempts to Prevent Crime

124

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

125

(2)

PART 3 Theories, Methods, and Research on Crime Causation

127

(152)

Criminological Theory and Research: Past, Present, and Future

131

(36)

Demonological/Theological Theory

132

(3)

Historical Overview

132

(2)

Contemporary Linkages of Crime and Theology

134

(1)

Classical/Rational Choice Theory

135

(4)

Historical Overview

135

(3)

Contemporary Versions of Classical Criminology

138

(1)

Positivistic/Scientific Theory

139

(19)

Historical Overview

141

(6)

Contemporary Criminological Theory and Research: The State of the Art

147

(6)

The Ethics and Politics of Criminological Theory and Research

153

(1)

The Steps of the Scientific Method

154

(2)

Stages of the Evaluation Research Process

156

(1)

Ethical Code

157

(1)

Humanistic/Critical Theory

158

(2)

Historical Overview

159

(1)

Contemporary Role of Critical Criminology

160

(1)

The Impending Crisis in Criminology: a Reexamination of Theory and Research with a View Toward the Future

160

(4)

Summary and Conclusion

164

(3)

Biology and Crime

167

(24)

History of Biological Theories of Crime and Delinquency

168

(9)

Italian Biological Positivism

168

(4)

American Biological Positivism and Studies of the Constitutional Correlates of Crime

172

(5)

Contemporary Biosocial and Sociobiological Research and Theories of Crime

177

(11)

Heredity

177

(1)

Conditionability

178

(1)

Chromosomal Abnormalities: The XYY and XXY Syndromes

179

(2)

What Is Beautiful Is Not Criminal

181

(1)

Disorders of the Limbic System

182

(1)

Head Injuries of Fourteen Juveniles Condemned to Death

183

(1)

Endocrine Abnormalities

184

(1)

Orthomolecular Imbalances

185

(1)

Sociobiology

186

(2)

Critique and Policy Implications of Contemporary Biosocial and Sociobiological Theories of Crime

188

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

189

(2)

Psychiatric and Psychological Theories

191

(29)

The Role of Psychiatry in Criminal Court and in Criminology

192

(4)

Criminal Culpability and the Insanity Defense

192

(2)

Legal and Clinical Assessments of Dangerousness

194

(2)

Classification and Prediction Models of Mental Illness and Crime

196

(7)

Clinical-Categorical Strategy

197

(2)

Multivariate-Dimensional Strategy

199

(1)

Psychological Profiles of Criminality

200

(3)

Critique of Classification and Prediction Models

203

(1)

Psychiatric and Psychoanalytic Explanations of Crime

203

(8)

Crime as a Result of Early Childhood Experiences

204

(1)

Crime as a Result of Cultural Restraints, Repressions, and Psychological Conflict

205

(3)

Critique of Psychiatric and Psychoanalytic Explanations

208

(2)

Psychological Profiling of the Serial Murderer

210

(1)

Behavioristic and Learning Theories of Crime and Delinquency

211

(5)

Behavior Modification

212

(1)

B. F. Skinner

Frustration and Aggression

213

(1)

John Dollard

Neal Miller

Social Learning

213

(1)

Albert Bandura

Is Television an Effective Tutor of Violence?

214

(1)

Critique of Behavioristic and Learning Theories

215

(1)

Social and Policy Implications of the Psychiatric and Psychological Perspectives

216

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

217

(3)

Sociological Theories of Crime

220

(30)

Classification of Sociological Theories, Underlying Assumptions, and Policy Implications

221

(1)

Ecological Theories of Crime

222

(4)

Urban Transformations and Crime

223

(1)

Emile Durkheim

Social Disorganization and Crime in American Cities

224

(1)

Clifford R. Shaw

Henry D. McKay

Critique and Contemporary Issues of Ecological Theories

225

(1)

Socialization and Social Learning Theories of Crime

226

(2)

Differential Association

227

(1)

Edwin Sutherland

Differential Reinforcement

228

(1)

Robert L. Burgess

Ronald L. Akers

Critique and Contemporary Issues of Social Learning Theories

228

(1)

Anomie, Unequal Opportunities and Rewards, and Subcultural Theories of Crime

228

(6)

Social Structure and Anomie

229

(1)

Robert K. Merton

Crime as a Reaction to Middle-Class Schools and Values

230

(1)

Albert K. Cohen

Focal Concerns

231

(1)

Walter Miller

Subculture of Violence

231

(1)

Marvin E. Wolfgang

Franco Ferracuti

Differential Opportunity

231

(1)

Richard Cloward

Lloyd Ohlin

Youth Gangs and the ``Business'' of Drugs and Crime

232

(1)

Critique and Contemporary Issues of Anomie, Strain, and Subcultural Theories

233

(1)

Social Control Theories of Crime

234

(4)

Personal and Social Controls

234

(1)

Albert Reiss

Containment Theory

235

(1)

Walter Reckless

Simon Dinitz

Delinquency and Drift

235

(1)

David Matza

Gresham Sykes

Social Bonds to Conventional Society

236

(1)

Travis Hirschi

Critique and Contemporary Issues of Social Control Theories

237

(1)

Female Criminality

238

(1)

Theory Integration And Synthetical Models of Crime

239

(8)

Network Analysis

240

(2)

Marvin D. Krohn

Crimes in Moscow and New York City: A Comparison of Networks

242

(1)

Routine Activities

242

(2)

Lawrence Cohen

Marcus Felson

Rational Choice

244

(1)

Derek B. Cornish

Ronald V. Clarke

Integrated Theoretical Perspectives on Delinquency

244

(2)

Delbert Elliott

Suzanne Ageton

David Huizinga

Rachelle Cantor

A General Theory of Crime

246

(1)

Michael Gottfredson

Travis Hirschi

The Future of the Sociological Tradition in Criminology

247

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

247

(3)

The Humanistic Tradition: Labeling, Conflict, and Radical Theories of Crime and Criminal Justice

250

(29)

The Humanistic Critique of Science and Reform

252

(1)

Social Reactions to Crime and the Crime-Defining Process

252

(10)

Labeling Theories

253

(3)

The Conflict/Radical View of the Process of Criminalization

256

(5)

United Nations Asks Countries of the World to Make Children's Welfare a Priority

261

(1)

Conflict/Radical Etiological Theories of Crime

262

(7)

Class Struggle and Crime

262

(1)

Karl Marx

Friedrich Engels

Capitalism and Demoralization

263

(1)

Willem Bonger

Pluralist Conflict Theory

264

(1)

Thorsten Sellin

White Collar Crime

264

(1)

Edwin Sutherland

Group Conflict

265

(1)

George Vold

Authorities and Subjects

265

(1)

Austin Turk

Social Reality of Crime

266

(2)

Richard Quinney

Critique of Conflict/Radical Theories of Crime and Social Injustice

268

(1)

Contemporary Theoretical Developments and Constitutive Models of Conflict/Radical Criminology

269

(6)

Integrated Structural Marxist Theory of Delinquency

271

(1)

Mark Colvin

John Pauly

Power Control Theory

272

(1)

John Hagan

Socialist Feminist Criminology

273

(1)

James Messerschmidt

Realist Criminology

274

(1)

Jock Young

Criminology as Peacemaking

274

(1)

Harold Pepinsky

Richard Quinney

Women, Violence and Social Change: A Peacemaking Approach

275

(1)

The Future Role of the Humanistic Tradition: Meeting the Challenge of the Twenty-First Century

275

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

276

(3)

PART 4 Patterns and Types of Criminal Behavior

279

(182)

Violent Crimes

The Meaning of Violence: Cultural, Legal, and Scientific

284

(1)

Violence as Physical Force

284

(1)

Violence as Violation

284

(1)

Violence as a Scientific Concept

284

(1)

Violence in American Society

285

(3)

The Historical Thread of Violence

285

(1)

Subculture of Violence

285

(2)

Cross-National Comparisons of Violence

287

(1)

The Rising Rate of Violent Crimes

288

(1)

Types of Violent Crimes

288

(15)

Homicide

289

(2)

The Dangerous Offender Project

291

(4)

Rape

295

(4)

Robbery

299

(3)

Battery and Assault

302

(1)

Domestic and Familial Violence: A Special Case?

303

(14)

The Civil Suit: An Alternative for Violent Crime Victims

304

(1)

The Nature and Extent of Family Violence

305

(6)

Stalking Laws Protect Victims of Harassment and Violence

311

(1)

Domestic and Familial Homicide

312

(3)

Child Homicide An International Perspective

315

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

317

(2)

Property Crimes

319

(25)

Conventional Property Crimes

320

(11)

Arson

320

(3)

Burglary

323

(2)

Motor Vehicle Theft

325

(2)

Larceny/Theft Crimes

327

(4)

Embezzlement and False Pretenses

331

(2)

Embezzlement

331

(1)

False Pretenses

331

(2)

Professional/Career Offenders: Theories and Research

333

(9)

Professional Crime

334

(2)

Criminal Careers and Crime

336

(5)

Recent Controversy over Career Research

341

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

342

(2)

White Collar Crimes

344

(32)

History and Overview of White Collar Crime in Criminology

344

(3)

Problems of Definition

345

(1)

Types of White Collar Crime: Occupational and Corporate Crime

346

(1)

Rationalizations and Motivations for Crimes Among ``Respectable'' People and Organizations

347

(4)

Understanding Individual Involvement in Occupational and Corporate Crime

347

(1)

Willie Sutton on Banking Problems

348

(1)

Explanations for White Collar Corporate Crime

349

(2)

Crimes of ``Respectable'' Organizations: Corporate Crime

351

(17)

The Special Nature of Corporate Crime

353

(1)

A Typology of Corporate Crime

353

(6)

The Dirtiest Bank of All

359

(4)

Environmental Crimes Cited in N-Plant Report

363

(5)

Crimes of ``Respectable'' Individuals: Occupational Crime

368

(5)

Exploiting One's Profession for Personal Gain

368

(1)

Using One's Institutional Position and Status for Illegal Rewards

369

(4)

Control of Corporate and Occupational Crimes

373

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

374

(2)

Political Crime

376

(29)

Defining Political Crime

377

(2)

The Motives and Goals of Political Crimes

377

(1)

Value Relativity and Emotional Components of Political Crimes

378

(1)

Who are Political Criminals?

379

(1)

Who are the Victims of Political Crimes?

380

(2)

A Typology of Political Crimes

382

(4)

Crimes of Domination and Oppression

382

(1)

Crimes of Rebellion, Insurgency, Social Unrest, and Civil Disobedience

383

(1)

Crimes of Group Conflict

383

(1)

Theories of Political Crime

383

(1)

Capitalist State Model

383

(1)

Making Female Bodies the Battlefield

384

(2)

Dysfunctional State Model

386

(2)

Oligarchic State Model

387

(1)

State Conflict or War Model

387

(1)

Legitimation Model

388

(1)

Illustrations of Political Crimes

388

(14)

Crimes of Domination: Domestic Targets

388

(8)

Crimes of Domination: Foreign Targets

396

(2)

Crimes of Rebellion

398

(2)

Crimes of Intergroup Conflict

400

(1)

Semtex: Terrorism Weapon

401

(1)

Prevention of Political Crime

402

(1)

Human Rights: ``Worse in Cuba, Guatemala, Better in Chile, Paraguay''

403

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

403

(2)

Public Order Crimes

405

(28)

Disorderly vs. Victimless Crimes

406

(1)

The Inherent Duplicity in Legislating Personal Morality: Moral Enterpreneurs and the Social Construction of Public Order Crimes

406

(1)

Explanatory Models

407

(2)

Anomie Model: Opportunities versus Deterrence

407

(1)

Medical Model: Public Order Crimes as Symptoms of Mental or Physical Health Diseases

408

(1)

Labeling/Social Reactions Model: Social Construction of Criminals

408

(1)

Critical Model: Alienation, Materialism, and Domination Underlying Public Order Crimes

409

(1)

Common Types of Public Order Offenses

409

(23)

Prostitution: The Oldest Profession or the Oldest Form of Sexual Slavery?

410

(2)

Pornography

412

(3)

China: Death Sentence for Pornography

415

(1)

Drugs

416

(11)

Gambling

427

(3)

Ancillary Enterprises of Organized Crime and Casino Gambling

430

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

432

(1)

Organized Crime

433

(28)

Organized Crime

433

(3)

Statutory Definitions of Organized Crime

434

(1)

Criminological Definitions of Organized Crime

435

(1)

Organized Crime and Professional Crime

435

(1)

Organized Crime and Corporate Crime

436

(1)

The History of Organized Crime in the United States

436

(6)

The Colonial Period

436

(1)

The Trailblazers of Organized Crime in the Postrevolutionary Period

436

(1)

The Emergence of Immigrant Groups in Organized Crime: 1830-1920

437

(1)

The Progressive Era: 1920-1933

437

(1)

Organized Crime in the Post-Prohibition Era: 1933-1970

438

(3)

Organized Crime since 1970: Ethnic Succession and Variety

441

(1)

The Crimes of Organized Syndicates

442

(12)

The Trade in Illegal Drugs

443

(6)

Gambling

449

(2)

Loansharking

451

(1)

Debt Potential of the ``6 for 5'' Loan

451

(1)

Toxic Waste Dumping

452

(1)

Illegal Dumping Traced to Network in Five States

453

(1)

Money Laundering

454

(1)

Explaining Organized Crime

454

(2)

The Control of Organized Crime

456

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

459

(2)

PART 5 The Administration of Justice

461

(100)

Police Work and Law Enforcement

465

(25)

History of Police: The English Legacy

466

(1)

Police Agencies and Personnel in the United States

467

(8)

Early Police Forces: The Progressive Reform Movement

468

(1)

Current Characteristics of the Police Force

468

(4)

Are Women Better Cops?

472

(2)

Private Policing

474

(1)

Police Roles and Functions

475

(2)

Maintaining Public Order

475

(1)

Providing Community Services

475

(1)

Enforcing the Criminal Law

475

(2)

Due-Process Legal Constraints on Police Behavior

477

(4)

The Exclusionary Rule

478

(1)

Police Interrogation of Criminal Suspects: The Miranda Rule

478

(1)

The Miranda Opinion: Requirements and Consequences

479

(1)

Exceptions to Miranda: Key Supreme Court Opinions

479

(1)

Legal Restrictions on Search, Seizure, and Arrest: The Fourth Amendment

480

(1)

The ``Handcuffing'' Impact of the Exclusionary Rule

481

(1)

Bluecoat Crime and Lawlessness

481

(4)

General Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement, for Searches and Seizures

482

(1)

The Patterns and Causes of Police Crime and Deviance

482

(1)

The Social Impact of Police Corruption and Lawlessness

483

(1)

Controlling Police Crime and Deviance

484

(1)

Police Effectiveness and Reform: The Quiet Revolution

485

(3)

Foot Patrol

486

(1)

Community-oriented Policing

487

(1)

Problem-oriented Policing

487

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

488

(2)

The Adjudication Process

490

(28)

American Criminal Justice in Historical Perspective

491

(1)

The Structure of the Criminal Justice System

491

(3)

The Federal System

491

(2)

State Courts

493

(1)

The Criminal Justice Process

494

(7)

Arrest

494

(1)

Booking

494

(1)

Initial Appearance Hearing

495

(1)

Pretrial Release or Preventive Detention

495

(1)

Preliminary Hearing

495

(1)

Indictment or Information

495

(1)

The U.S. and Philippine Judicial Systems: A Comparative View

496

(3)

Arraignment

499

(1)

Guilty Pleas

499

(1)

Criminal Trial

499

(1)

Sentencing upon Conviction

499

(2)

The Judicial Sieve

Major Actors in the Adjudication Process

501

(6)

The Public Prosecutor

501

(1)

Defense Attorneys

502

(4)

Criminal Court Judges

506

(1)

Methods of Adjudicating Criminal Cases

507

(4)

Plea Bargaining

507

(1)

Some Major Misconceptions about Plea Bargaining

508

(1)

The Felony Trial

509

(2)

Sentencing Upon Conviction

511

(5)

Sentencing Options

511

(1)

Extralegal Influences on Jury Trials

512

(2)

The Goals of Sentences and Punishments

514

(1)

Sentences in State Felony Courts

515

(1)

The Future of Determinate and Mandatory Sentencing

515

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

516

(2)

Corrections: Prisons and Alternatives to Prisons

518

(43)

Corrections or Punishment: What's in a Name?

519

(1)

Modern Corrections: Punishment as Bureaucratized Social Control

520

(1)

Punishment Ideologies

521

(2)

Deterrence Model

521

(1)

Reformation or Rehabilitation Model

522

(1)

Retribution Model

522

(1)

Typical Forms of Punishment: Historical and Contemporary Characteristics

523

(13)

Preprison Forms of Punishment

523

(1)

Capital Punishment: Historical and Current Forms

524

(4)

Inmates on Death Row

528

(2)

First Legal Hanging in 28 Years

530

(1)

History of Prisons

531

(4)

The Rebirth of the Rehabilitative Ideal

535

(1)

Juvenile Correctional Movement

535

(1)

Prisons and the Prison Experience

536

(10)

Prisons as Total Institutions

537

(1)

The Pains of Imprisonment

537

(1)

Inmate Social Order

538

(1)

Cruel and Inhuman Punishment

539

(3)

Staff-Inmate Dynamics

542

(1)

Inmate Classification and Treatment

543

(1)

Riots

543

(1)

Overcrowding

544

(1)

Demands and Bargaining Points at Attica During 1971 Riot

545

(1)

Women's Prisons

545

(1)

Privitization of Prisons

546

(1)

Prisoner Litigation

546

(1)

Alternatives to Traditional Prison

546

(13)

Diversion

547

(6)

Deinstitutionalization

553

(4)

Social Change Models

557

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

559

(2)

PART 6 International Dimensions of Crime and Delinquency

561

(48)

Cross-Cultural Criminology

563

(46)

Comparative Research Methods

565

(6)

Statistical and Archival Data

565

(1)

Professional and Popular Literature

566

(1)

Immigrant or Emigre Accounts

567

(2)

Case Studies

569

(1)

The Historical Method

569

(1)

Standardized Research Methods

570

(1)

World Crime Trends

571

(9)

Crime Rates in Developing and Developed Countries

574

(1)

World Crime Rates

575

(3)

World Incarceration Rates

578

(2)

The Death Penalty: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

580

(3)

Crime and Criminal Justice in Selected Foreign Countries

583

(23)

England and Wales

583

(4)

Crime Increase Unnerves British

587

(3)

Japan

590

(4)

The Japanese Police

594

(3)

Russia

597

(5)

Private Guards Are All the Rage in Russia

602

(4)

Summary and Conclusion

606

(3)

Appendix Resources for the Study of Crime

609

(8)

Glossary

617

(15)

Bibliography

632

(43)

Index

675

(14)

Photo Credits and Acknowledgments

689

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Criminology and Justice

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials