Cryogenic Heat Transfer

Covers some of the special heat transfer problems that are encountered in the cryogenic temperature range, where there are significant differences from conventional heat transfer problems. DLC: Heat--Transmission.

Preface

ix

Nomenclature

xi

Introduction

1

(40)

Introduction

1

(2)

Cryogenic Heat Transfer Applications

3

(1)

Material Properties at Cryogenic Temperatures

4

(20)

Specific Heats of Gases

5

(3)

Specific Heats of Liquids

8

(2)

Specific Heat of Solids

10

(5)

Electronic Specific Heat

15

(1)

Thermal Conductivity of Gases

16

(4)

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

20

(1)

Thermal Conductivity of Solids

20

(4)

Cryogenic Insulations

24

(17)

Expanded Closed-Cell Foams

25

(3)

Gas-filled Powders and Fibrous Materials

28

(1)

Evacuated Powders and Fibrous Materials

29

(2)

Opacified Powder Insulations

31

(1)

Microsphere Insulation

32

(1)

Multilayer Insulations (MLI)

33

(5)

Problems

38

(1)

References

39

(2)

Conduction Heat Transfer

41

(56)

Governing Equations

41

(1)

One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction

42

(5)

Conduction in Composite Materials

47

(5)

Thermal Contact Resistance

52

(5)

Conduction in Fins

57

(4)

Properties of Frost at Cryogenic Temperatures

61

(3)

Cool-down with Coated Surfaces

64

(6)

Two- and Three-Dimensional Conduction

70

(10)

Transient Conduction Heat Transfer

80

(4)

Cool-down of Cryogenic Fluid Storage Vessels

84

(13)

Problems

90

(5)

References

95

(2)

Convection Heat Transfer

97

(46)

Governing Equations

97

(3)

Forced Convection Heat Transfer in a Circular Tube

100

(6)

Heat Transfer in Noncircular Channels

106

(3)

Forced Convection Heat Transfer in External Flow

109

(8)

Free Convective Over Plates

117

(3)

Free Convection Over Horizontal Cylinders

120

(1)

Natural Convection in Enclosures

121

(2)

Heat Transfer in the Near-Critical Region

123

(6)

Heat Transfer Correlations in the Near-Critical Region

129

(2)

Kapitza Conductance

131

(12)

Problems

137

(3)

References

140

(3)

Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop

143

(72)

Flow Regimes in Two-Phase Flow

143

(6)

Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Flow

149

(1)

Lockhart-Martinelli Correlation

150

(8)

Homogeneous Flow Model

158

(2)

Boiling Heat Transfer

160

(4)

Nucleate Pool Boiling

164

(2)

Peak Nucleate Boiling Point

166

(2)

Pool Film Boiling

168

(4)

Forced Convection Boiling

172

(7)

Condensation Outside Tubes

179

(4)

Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes

183

(6)

Freezing at Cryogenic Temperatures

189

(11)

Solid-Liquid (Slush) Flow and Heat Transfer

200

(15)

Problems

206

(4)

References

210

(5)

Radiation Heat Transfer and Free-Molecular Conduction

215

(50)

Blackbody Radiation

215

(4)

Thermal Radiation Properties

219

(6)

Radiation Configuration Factor

225

(5)

Radiant Exchange Between Two Gray Surfaces

230

(2)

The Network Method for Enclosures

232

(8)

Radiation from LNG Fires

240

(3)

Free Molecular Flow

243

(5)

Free-Molecular Heat Transfer

248

(5)

Free-molecular heat transfer in enclosures

253

(12)

Problems

257

(6)

References

263

(2)

Cryogenic Heat Exchangers

265

(88)

Cryogenic Heat Exchanger Types

265

(7)

Tubular Exchangers

266

(1)

Giauque-Hampson Exchanger

266

(3)

Plate-Fin Exchangers

269

(2)

Perforated-Plate Exchangers

271

(1)

Sintered Metal Powder Exchangers

272

(1)

NTU-Effectiveness Design Method

272

(8)

Giauque-Hampson Heat Exchanger Design

280

(7)

Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Design

287

(9)

Perforated-Plate Exchanger Design

296

(8)

Effect of Variable Specific Heat

304

(7)

Effect of Longitudinal Heat Conduction

311

(7)

Effect of Heat Transfer From Ambient

318

(6)

Regenerators

324

(8)

Regenerator Design

332

(7)

Regenerator Design Example

339

(14)

Problems

343

(7)

References

350

(3)

APPENDIXES

353

(16)

A Conversion Factors---Conventional Units to SI Units

353

(4)

B Properties of Saturated Liquids (SI Units)

357

(4)

C Properties of Saturated Vapors (SI Units)

361

(4)

D Properties of Gases at 1 Atm (SI Units)

365

(4)

Index

369

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Cryogenic Heat Transfer

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials