Death, Society, and Human Experience

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ISBN: 9780205319367 | 020531936X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/1/2001

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The landmark text in death education, providing an interdisciplinary approach to understanding death and the dying process. Using case examples and exercises, students can reflect upon their own experiences with death. I have found no better text on the market that deals as fully and as completely with issues of death as Kastenbaum's Death, Society, and Human Experience. It is organized according to the same structural principles as my own lectures and I find it extremely easy to fit into my style. The presentation is very clear and stimulating for students. I have found the Instructor's Manual as useful in preparing lectures and exams as the over-all text is for students. Andrew Barclay, Michigan State University, reviewer.

Preface

As We Think About Death

(28)

Not Thinking About Death: A Failed Experiment

(1)

Listening a Communicating

(1)

Your Self-Inventory of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Feelings

(6)

Some Answers--and The Questions They Raise

(4)

Knowledge Base

(1)

Attitudes, Experiments, Beliefs, Feelings

(2)

How Does State on Mind Affect Death-Related Behavior?

(1)

Humans Are Mortal: But What Does That Have to Do With Me?

(1)

Anxiety, Denial, and acceptance: Three Core Concepts

(1)

Theories and Studies of Death Anxiety

(5)

How Is Death Anxiety Studied?

(1)

How Does Death Anxiety Influence Our Lives? Theoretical Perspectives

(1)

How Much Do We Fear Death?

(1)

Are There Gender Differences in Death Anxiety?

(1)

Are There Age Differences in Death Anxiety?

(1)

Is Death Anxiety Related to Mental Health and Illness?

(1)

Does Religious Belief Lower or Raise Death Anxiety?

(1)

Back to Death Anxiety Theory

(1)

Accepting and Denying Death

(5)

Types and Contexts of Acceptance and Denial

(1)

The Interpersonal Side of Acceptance and Denial

(1)

Anxiety, Denial, and Acceptance: How Should We Respond?

(1)

Another Kennedy Died: How Did We Respond?

(1)

Summary

(4)

What Is Death? What does death mean?

(32)

Competing Ideas about the Nature and Meaning of Death

(3)

``When,'' ``What,'' and ``Why'' Questions about Death

(3)

Biomedical Approaches to the Definition of Death

(7)

Traditional Determination of Death

(1)

Ways of ``Being Dead''

(1)

Brain Death and the Harvard Criteria

(2)

Whole-Brain or Neocoritical Death?

(2)

Event Versus State

(1)

What Does Death Mean?

(6)

Interpretations of The Death State

(1)

Enfeebled Life

(1)

Continuation

(1)

Perpetual Development

(1)

Waiting

(1)

Cycling and Recycling

(1)

Nothing

(2)

Virtual, Therefore Not Death

(1)

Implications of the Ways in Which We Interpret Death

(1)

Conditions that Resemble Death

(3)

Inorganic and Unresponsive

(1)

Sleep and Altered States of Consciousness

(1)

Beings Who Resemble or Represent Death

(1)

Death As a Person

(3)

How We Personified Death: 1971

(2)

How We Personify Death Today

(1)

Has Dr. Kevorkian Become a Death Icon?

(1)

Conditions that Death Resembles

(1)

Social Death

(1)

Phenomenological Death

(1)

Death as an Agent of Personal, Political, and Social Change

(5)

The Great Leveler

(1)

The Great Validator

(1)

Death Unites/Separates

(1)

The Ultimate Problem or the Ultimate Solution?

(1)

The Ultimate Meaningless Event

(1)

Summary

(3)

The Death System

(66)

A World without Death

(3)

General Consequences

(1)

Personal Consequences

(2)

Basic Characteristics of the Death System

(14)

A Working Definition

(1)

Components of the Death System

(5)

Functions of the Death System

(9)

How Our Death System Has Been Changing--and the ``Deathniks'' Who Are Making a Differences

(2)

Changing Ways of Life, Changing Ways of Death

(1)

The Beginnings of Death Education, Research and Counseling

(1)

Causes of Death: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

(1)

Basics Terms and Concepts

(5)

Death Learns to Wait: The Increase in Life Expectancy and Longevity

(1)

Leading Causes of Death in the United States Today

(3)

Causes of Death in the Future?

(1)

Summary

(3)

Dying

Transition from life

(2)

Dying as Transition

(1)

What Is Dying and When Does It Begin?

(5)

Individual and Interpersonal Responses

(2)

Onset of the Dying Process: Alternative Perspectives

(3)

Trajectories of Dying: From Beginnings to End

(6)

Certainty and Time

(1)

The Lingering Trajectory

100

(1)

The Expected Quick Trajectory

101

(1)

The Unexpected Quick Trajectory

102

(1)

Life-or-Death Emergencies

103

(1)

Research into Trajectories of Dying

104

(1)

Health People Who Are at Risk: Hemophilia

104

(2)

Guarded Feelings, Subtle Communications

106

(5)

Difficulties in Communication

106

(1)

Doctor-Patient Communication: The SUPPORT Study

107

(1)

Improving Communication

108

(3)

Individuality and Universality in the Experience of Dying

111

(3)

Factors That Influence the Experience of Dying

111

(3)

Theoretical Modes of the Dying Process

114

(8)

Do We Die in Stages?

114

(5)

A Developmental Coping Model of the Dying Process

119

(1)

The Dying Person's Own Reality As the Model

119

(1)

A Multiple Perspective Approach

120

(1)

Your Deathbed Scene

121

(1)

Summary

122

(5)

The Hospice Approach to Terminal Care

127

(28)

Hospice: A New Flowering From Ancient Roots

128

(2)

Standards of Care for the Terminally Ill

130

(2)

Hidden or Implicit Standards of Care

131

(1)

Proposed Standards Recommended by the Intentional Task Force

131

(1)

Establishment of Hospice Programs in The United States

132

(3)

From Guidelines to Operational Programs

132

(1)

Full-Service and Partial-Service Hospices

133

(2)

The Hospice in Action

135

(3)

Entering St. Christopher's

135

(1)

Mother's Last Moments: A Daughter's Experience

136

(1)

Adult Respite Care

137

(1)

Hospice-Inspired Care for a Variety of People

138

(5)

Hospice-Inspired Care for Children

138

(1)

Hospice Care for People with AIDS

139

(1)

Hospice Care for Nursing Home Residents

140

(1)

Hospice-Inspired Care for Prisoners, the Homeless, and the Impoverished?

141

(1)

Hospice Care on the International Scene

142

(1)

Does Hospice Care Prevent and Relieve Suffering?

143

(5)

Why Pain Must Be Controlled

143

(2)

Other Symptoms and Problems

145

(2)

Your Deathbed Scene, Revisited

147

(1)

Access to Hospice Care and the Decision-Making Process

148

(3)

Summary

151

(4)

End-of-Life Issues and Decisions

155

(20)

From Description to Decision Making

156

(1)

Should Everybody Participate in End-of-Life Decisions?

156

(1)

The Living Will and Its Impact

157

(2)

Right-to-Die Decisions that We Can Make

159

(13)

From Living Will to Patients' Self-Determination Act

159

(2)

Informed Consent and the Patients' Self-Determination Act

161

(3)

Five Wishes: A New Advance Directive Option

164

(1)

The Five Wishes

165

(3)

Evaluating the Five Wishes

168

(1)

A Right Not to Die? The Cryonics Alternative

169

(1)

A Perspective on End-of-Life Decisions

170

(2)

Summary

172

(3)

Suicide

175

(36)

The Statistical Profile

177

(3)

United States and World Suicide Rates

178

(1)

What About Suicide Attempts

179

(1)

The Human Side

180

(1)

Three Problem Areas

180

(11)

Youth Suicide

180

(3)

Do Children Commit Suicide?

183

(2)

Suicide among Elderly People

185

(1)

The Lethality of Suicide Attempts in the Later Adult Years

186

(1)

Later Adult Years

186

(1)

Preventing Suicide in the Later Adult Years

186

(1)

Suicide among Native Americans

187

(1)

High-Risk Situations for Suicide

188

(3)

Balancing Individual and Cultural Influences on Suicide

191

(1)

Some Cultural Meanings of Suicide

191

(5)

Suicide As Sinful

191

(2)

Suicide As Criminal

193

(1)

Suicide As Weakness or Madness

194

(1)

Suicide As ``The Great Death''

194

(1)

Suicide As a Rational Alternative

195

(1)

A Powerful Sociological Theory of Suicide

196

(2)

The Importance of Social Integration

196

(1)

Four Types of Suicide

197

(1)

Some Individual Meanings of Suicide

198

(5)

Suicide for Reunion

198

(1)

Suicide for Rest and Refuge

198

(1)

Suicide for Revenge

198

(2)

Suicide As the Penalty for Failure

200

(1)

Suicide As a Mistake

201

(1)

A Psychoanalytical Approach to Suicide

202

(1)

The Descent Toward Suicide

202

(1)

Facts, Myths, and Guidelines

203

(1)

Popular Myths about Suicide

203

(1)

Suicide Prevention

204

(2)

Individual Guidelines to Suicide Prevention

205

(1)

Systematic Approaches to Suicide Prevention

205

(1)

Summary

206

(5)

Violent Death: Murder, Terrorism, Disaster, and Accident

211

(34)

Murder

213

(12)

Overview

213

(1)

Murder: The Statistical Picture

213

(2)

Patterns of Murder in the United States

215

(1)

Domestic Violence

215

(3)

Young Men with Guns

218

(2)

Mass and Serial Kellers: Who Are They and Why Do They Do It?

220

(13)

Political Murder: Assassination in the United States

233

Terrorism

225

(12)

Who Is the Terrorist?

225

(3)

Twentieth-Century Terrorism

228

(3)

Terrorism and the Death System Today

231

(6)

Accident and Disaster

237

(4)

Accidents

237

(3)

Natural Disasters

240

(1)

Summary

241

(4)

Euthanasia, Assisted Death, and the Right To Die

245

(30)

``I Swear by Apollo the Physician'': What Happened to the Hippocratic Oath?

246

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

247

(3)

The Black Stork

248

(1)

The Ventilator As Example of Life-and-Death Decisions

248

(2)

Our Changing Attitudes Toward A Right to Die

250

(2)

Survey Findings

250

(2)

The Right-to-Die Dilemma: Case Examples

252

(11)

The Ethics of Withdrawing Treatment: The Landmark Quinlan Case

252

(2)

``It's Over, Debbie'': Compassion or Murder?

254

(2)

An Arrow through the Physician's Armor

256

(1)

Does a person Have to Be Dying to Have the Right to Die?

257

(1)

Elizabeth Bouvia

257

(2)

Competent to Decide?

259

(1)

A Supreme Court Ruling: The Nancy Cruzan Case

260

(3)

Dr. Kevorkian and the Assisted Suicide Movement

263

(8)

The Netherlands: A Social Experiment Watched Closely by the World

263

(1)

Australia: Yes, and Then No

264

(1)

Assisted Death in the Kevorkian Manner

265

(1)

Kevorkian's Agenda

266

(1)

Kevorkian's Method

266

(1)

Evaluating Kevorkian's Approach

267

(2)

Compassion in Dying: An Alternative Model

269

(1)

New Developments in the Legalization of Assisted Suicide

270

(1)

Summary

271

(4)

Death in the World of Childhood

275

(38)

Adult Assumptions about Children and Death

277

(12)

Children Do Think about Death

279

(1)

Early Experiences with Death in Childhood

279

(2)

Death in the Songs and Games of Childhood

281

(1)

Research and Clinical Evidence

281

(2)

Research Case Histories

283

(4)

Reflections and Questions

287

(2)

Concepts of Death: Developing Through Experience

289

(7)

``Auntie Death's'' Pioneering Study

289

(2)

Evaluating Nagy's Contribution

291

(1)

Are Concepts of Death Related to Cognitive Level, Gender, and Social Class?

291

(2)

Does Anxiety Influence Children's Thoughts about Death?

293

(1)

Cultural Influences on Children's Concepts of Death

294

(2)

How Do Children Cope With Bereavement?

296

(4)

A Death in the Family: Effects on the Child

296

(1)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following a Violent Death

297

(2)

Long-Term Effects of Childhood Bereavement

299

(1)

Helping Children Cope with Bereavement

300

(2)

The Dying Child

302

(5)

Care of the Dying Child

304

(1)

Siblings of the Dying Child

305

(1)

The Stress of Working with Dying Children

306

(1)

Sharing the Child's Concerns: A Few Guidelines

307

(1)

The ``Right'' to Decide: Should the Child's Voice be Heard?

308

(1)

Summary

309

(4)

Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning

313

(84)

Defining our Terms: Bereavement, Grief, Mourning

316

(9)

Bereavement: An Objective Fact

316

(1)

Grief: A Painful Response

317

(3)

Mourning: A Signal of Distress

320

(5)

Theoretical Perspectives on Grief

325

(4)

The Griefwork Theory

325

(2)

Evaluation of the Griefwork Theory

327

(1)

Other Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Grief

328

(1)

How Do People Recover From Grief?

329

(12)

When a Spouse Dies

329

(5)

Types of Recovery from the Impact of Marital Bereavement

334

(1)

Unresolved Grief

335

(2)

The Family That Has Lost a Child

337

(4)

The Grief of Grandparents

341

(1)

Bereavement in Later Life

341

(3)

Sorrow upon Sorrow, Loss upon Loss

341

(1)

Grief Responses to Traumatic and Stigmatized Deaths

342

(2)

Are Bereaved People at Higher Risk for Death?

344

(3)

Differential Mortality Risk: The Statistical Pattern

344

(1)

Who Is Most at Risk?

344

(1)

What Are the Leading Causes of Death among the Bereaved?

345

(1)

Hidden and Disenfranchised Grief

346

(1)

Limited Support for the Bereaved

347

(2)

American Society's Discomfort with Grief and Mourning

347

(1)

Time for Grief--But Not Much Time

348

(1)

Meaningful Help for Bereaved People

349

(3)

Widow-to-Window: The Phyllis Silverman Interview

350

(1)

Helpful and Unhelpful Responses to a Bereaved Person

351

(1)

Professional Help

351

(1)

Summary

352

(5)

The Funeral Process

What Do Funerals Mean to Us?

357

(3)

From Dead Body to Living Memory: A Process Approach

360

(8)

Common Elements of the Funeral Process

360

(6)

The Funeral Service

366

(1)

Memorializing the Decreased

367

(1)

Getting On with Life

367

(1)

Making Death ``Legal''

368

(3)

Establishing the Facts of Death

368

(1)

The Medical Examiner and the Autopsy

369

(1)

Body, Property, and the Law

370

(1)

What Does the Funeral Process Accomplish?

371

(9)

When Great People Die

372

(1)

Balancing the Claims of the Living and the Dead

372

(8)

Memories of Our People: Cemeteries in the United States

380

(4)

The Neighborhood Cemetery

381

(1)

Ethnic Cemeteries in the United States

381

(3)

The Place of the Dead in Society: Yesterday and Today

384

(5)

When Are the Dead Important to the Living?

384

(1)

American Memory and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial

385

(2)

An Ethical Position on the Treatment of Human Remains: The Vermillion Accord

387

(1)

``You Were the Best Dog Ever'': The Pet Cemetery

387

(2)

Current Developments: A Funeral Director's Perspective

389

(2)

Improving the Funeral Process

391

(2)

Alternative Funerals

391

(1)

Spontaneous Memorialization in Response to Violent Death

392

(1)

Summary

393

(4)

Do We Survive Death?

397

(36)

Concept of Survival in Historical Perspective

398

(4)

Does Survival Have to Be Proved?

400

(2)

Near-Death Experiences: New Evidence for Survival?

402

(11)

Evidence Favoring the NDE As Proof of Survival

404

(1)

The Sabom Study: Independent Verification of NDe Phenomena

405

(1)

Eliminating Other Explanations

405

(1)

Some Problems with NDE Findings

406

(1)

Evidence and Logic against the Near-Death Experience As Proof of Survival

407

(2)

Mystical, depersonalization, and hyperalertness responses to crisis

409

(1)

When Do People Not Have NDEs? An Alternative Explanation

409

(1)

Are NDEs Hallucinations?

410

(1)

NDEs As Exercises in Religious Imagination?

410

(1)

The NDER As a Healing and Illuminating Metaphor

411

(1)

What Are We Learning from Near-Death Experience Metaphor

412

(1)

The Dead as Evidence for Survival

413

(8)

Deathbed Escorts: Safe Conduct to the Other World

414

(1)

Guardian Angels

415

(1)

Communicating with the Dead? The Medium and the Channeler

416

(1)

When Spiritism Was in Flower

417

(1)

Channeling and Past Life Regression

417

(1)

Ghosts

418

(1)

The Ghost Dance: A Peaceful Vision Becomes a Tragedy

419

(2)

Reincarnation

421

(2)

Should We Survive Death?

423

(1)

But What Kind of Survival?

424

(1)

Your Thoughts on Survival: A Review

425

(2)

The Suicide-Survival Connection

427

(1)

Summary

428

(5)

How Can We Help?

433

(43)

The promise of death education and counseling

Death Educators and Counselors: The ``Border Patrol''

435

(1)

Death Education in Historical Perspective

436

(3)

From Ancient Times

436

(3)

Death Education and Counseling: The Current Scene

439

(3)

The Expanding Scope of Death Education

441

(1)

Counseling and the Counselors

442

(3)

Characteristics of Professionals in the Death System

443

(1)

Counseling and Psychotherapy

444

(1)

How We All Can Help

445

(3)

Summary

448

(8)

Good Life, Good Death?

Trying to make sense of it all

451

(2)

A Father Dies; A Mission Begins

453

(1)

A Shift in the Meaning of Life and Death?

454

(2)

Horrendous Death

456

(8)

The Golden Rule Revisited

460

(2)

Are We Live or on Tape? The Life-and-Death Challenges of Virtual Reality

462

(2)

``The Good Death'': Fantasy or Reality?

464

(3)

From Good Life to Good Death: A Personal Statement

467

(1)

Summary

468

(2)

Appendix: Selected Learning Resources

470

(6)

Index

476

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Death, Society, and Human Experience

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials