Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials
, by Hertzberg, Richard W.; Vinci, Richard P.; Hertzberg, Jason L.
- ISBN: 9781119670575 | 1119670578
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 7/8/2020
Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, Sixth Edition, provides a detailed examination of the mechanical behavior of metals, ceramics, polymers, and their composites. Offering an integrated macroscopic/microscopic approach to the subject, this comprehensive textbook features in-depth explanations, plentiful figures and illustrations, and a full array of student and instructor resources. Divided into two sections, the text first introduces the principles of elastic and plastic deformation, including the plastic deformation response of solids and concepts of stress, strain, and stiffness. The following section demonstrates the application of fracture mechanics and materials science principles in solids, including determining material stiffness, strength, toughness, and time-dependent mechanical response.
Now offered as an interactive eBook, this fully-revised edition features a wealth of digital assets. More than three hours of high-quality video footage helps students understand the practical applications of key topics, supported by hundreds of PowerPoint slides highlighting important information while strengthening student comprehension. Numerous real-world examples and case studies of actual service failures illustrate the importance of applying fracture mechanics principles in failure analysis. Ideal for college-level courses in metallurgy and materials, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering, this popular is equally valuable for engineers looking to increase their knowledge of the mechanical properties of solids.
Richard W. Hertzberg received his B.S. cum laude in Mechanical Engineering from the City College New York, his M.S. in Metallurgy from M.I.T. and his Ph.D. in Metallurgical Engineering from Lehigh University. A recipient of two Alcoa Foundation Awards of Outstanding Research Achievement, co-recipient of Lehigh University's Award of Outstanding Research, recipient of Lehigh University's College of Engineering Teaching Excellence Award, co-recipient of Lehigh University's award in Recognition of Outstanding Contributions to the University and recipient of the 2015 Distinguished Alumni Award from the Materials Science and Engineering Department of Lehigh University. Dr. Hertzberg has served as Research Scientist for the United Aircraft Corporation Research Labs, and Visiting Professor at the Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland. As an active member of several engineering societies, he has been elected as a Fellow of the American Society for Metals and was recipient of the TMS 2000 Educator Award as the most outstanding material science educator in the nation. He was the 2017 recipient of the ICF Paul C. Paris Gold Medal from the International Congress on Fracture. He has authored approximately 230 scholarly articles, coauthored Fatigue of Engineering Plastics (Academic Press, 1980), and co-authored the fifth edition of Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials. Dr. Hertzberg has also been an invited lecturer in the United States, Asia, Israel, and Europe, and has served as a consultant to government and industry. He was previously Chair, Materials Science and Engineering Dept., and Director of the Mechanical Behavior Laboratory of the Materials Research Center at Lehigh University. Currently, he is New Jersey Zinc Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering.
Richard P. Vinci received his B.S. degree in 1988 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 1990 and 1994, respectively, from Stanford University, all in Materials Science and Engineering. After holding postdoctoral and Acting Assistant Professor appointments at Stanford University, in 1998 he joined Lehigh University where he was a Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and the Director of the Mechanical Behavior Laboratory. His research focused on the mechanical properties of thin metallic films and small-scale structures with applications such as metallization for Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems, substrates for solid-state optical devices, and synthetic biomaterials. He has published more than 70 technical papers and is the holder of one U.S. patent, with others pending. From 2001 to 2003, he held a P. C. Rossin Assistant Professorship. From 2004 to 2006, he was the Class of 1961 Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering. Dr. Vinci has been a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award, the ASM International Bradley Stoughton Award for Young Teachers, the Lehigh University Junior Award for Distinguished Teaching, the P. C. Rossin College of Engineering Teaching Excellence Award, and the Donald B. and Dorothy L. Stabler Award for Excellence in Teaching.
Jason L. Hertzberg received his B.S. in Metallurgical Engineering from the University Scholars Program at Pennsylvania State University and both a M.S.E. and Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Michigan, having received numerous academic awards at both institutions, including the Engineering Alumni Society Merit Award in Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan and is their Chair of the External Advisory Board. He is also a California-registered Professional Metallurgical Engineer. He currently serves as a Corporate Vice President, Director of the Mechanical Engineering Practice, and a Principal Engineer at Exponent, Inc., a leading engineering and scientific consulting firm. He has extensive experience solving complex technical problems in a variety of industries and routinely leads multidisciplinary failure analysis investigations. Dr. Hertzberg addresses issues related to the mechanical behavior and environmental degradation of materials, and often works with companies addressing the technical aspects of product recalls as well as interacting with the Consumer Product Safety Commission. His expertise includes analysis of products before they are sold, management of change during production, use of risk methodologies, substantiation of product performance claims, product recall investigations of a wide range of products, and evaluation of proposed correction action plans. Dr. Hertzberg also has a background in mobile computing and substantiation of claims, having served as the Director of Competitive Analysis and Strategy for Palm, Inc. Dr. Hertzberg often serves as an invited lecturer, and is a co-author of several patent applications in the area of mobile computing.
Foreword xvii
Preface to the Sixth Edition xix
The Comet and Titanic Disasters: Fiction Foreshadows Truth ! xix
Additional References for Video Entitled “The Comet and Titanic Disasters: Fiction Foreshadows Truth !!” xix
Stress Intensity Factor Formulations xx
Elliptical and Penny-Shaped Stress Intensity Factors xx
Multiplicity of Y-calibration Factors xx
Design Concepts xx
Estimation of Crack Tip Plastic Zone Size and Shear Lip Development xx
Compact-Tension Fracture Toughness Test xx
Fatigue Fracture xxi
Extensive Folder of Powerpoint Slides xxii
Chapter Thirteen: Final Thoughts xxii
Dedication xxii
Acknowledgments xxii
About the Authors xxv
Section One Recoverable and Nonrecoverable Deformation 1
Chapter 1 Elastic Response of Solids 3
1.1 Mechanical Testing 3
1.2 Definitions of Stress and Strain 4
1.3 Stress–Strain Curves for Uniaxial Loading 8
1.3.1 Survey of Tensile Test Curves 8
1.3.2 Uniaxial Linear Elastic Response 9
1.3.3 Young’s Modulus and Polymer Structure 13
1.3.3.1 Thermoplastic Behavior 13
1.3.3.2 Rigid Thermosets 14
1.3.3.3 Rubber Elasticity 15
1.3.4 Compression Testing 17
1.3.5 Failure by Elastic Buckling 17
1.3.6 Resilience and Strain Energy Density 19
1.3.7 Definitions of Strength 19
1.3.8 Toughness 22
1.4 Nonaxial Testing 23
1.4.1 Bend Testing 23
1.4.2 Shear and Torsion Testing 26
1.5 Multiaxial Linear Elastic Response 27
1.5.1 Additional Isotropic Elastic Constants 27
1.5.2 Multiaxial Loading 28
1.5.2.1 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 30
1.5.2.2 Special Cases of Multiaxial Loading 32
1.5.3 Instrumented Indentation 33
1.6 Elastic Anisotropy 34
1.6.1 Stiffness and Compliance Matrices 34
1.6.1.1 Symmetry Classes 36
1.6.1.2 Loading Along an Arbitrary Axis 37
1.6.2 Composite Materials 40
1.6.3 Isostrain Analysis 41
1.6.4 Isostress Analysis 43
1.6.5 Aligned Short Fibers 44
1.6.6 Strength of Composites 47
1.6.6.1 Effects of Matrix Behavior 47
1.6.6.2 Effects of Fiber Orientation 48
1.7 Thermal Stresses and Thermal Shock-Induced Failure 50
1.7.1 Upper Bound Thermal Stress 50
1.7.2 Cooling Rate and Thermal Stress 54
References 55
Further Readings 56
Problems 56
Review 56
Practice 57
Design 59
Extend 60
Chapter 2 Yielding and Plastic Flow 63
2.1 Dislocations in Metals and Ceramics 63
2.1.1 Strength of a Perfect Crystal 63
2.1.2 The Need for Lattice Imperfections: Dislocations 65
2.1.3 Observation of Dislocations 67
2.1.4 Lattice Resistance to Dislocation Movement: The Peierls Stress 69
2.1.4.1 Peierls Stress Temperature Sensitivity 70
2.1.4.2 Effect of Dislocation Orientation on Peierls Stress 71
2.1.5 Characteristics of Dislocations 72
2.1.6 Elastic Properties of Dislocations 75
2.1.7 Partial Dislocations 78
2.1.7.1 Movement of Partial Dislocations 80
2.2 Slip 81
2.2.1 Crystallography of Slip 81
2.2.2 Geometry of Slip 84
2.2.3 Slip in Polycrystals 87
2.3 Yield Criteria for Metals and Ceramics 88
2.4 Post-Yield Plastic Deformation 90
2.4.1 Strain Hardening 90
2.4.2 Plastic Instability and Necking 93
2.4.2.1 Strain Distribution in a Tensile Specimen 94
2.4.2.2 Extent of Uniform Strain 95
2.4.2.3 True Stress Correction 95
2.4.2.4 Failure of the Necked Region 96
2.4.3 Upper Yield Point Behavior 99
2.4.4 Temperature and Strain-Rate Effects in Tension 100
2.5 Slip in Single Crystals and Textured Materials 102
2.5.1 Geometric Hardening and Softening 103
2.5.2 Crystallographic Textures (Preferred Orientations) 105
2.5.3 Plastic Anisotropy 108
2.6 Deformation Twinning 111
2.6.1 Comparison of Slip and Twinning Deformations 111
2.6.2 Heterogeneous Plastic Tensile Behavior 113
2.6.3 Stress Requirements for Twinning 113
2.6.4 Geometry of Twin Formation 114
2.6.5 Elongation Potential of Twin Deformation 116
2.6.6 Twin Shape 116
2.6.7 Twinning in HCP Crystals 117
2.6.8 Twinning in BCC and FCC Crystals 120
2.7 Plasticity in Polymers 120
2.7.1 Polymer Structure: General Remarks 120
2.7.1.1 Side Groups and Chain Mobility 121
2.7.1.2 Side Groups and Crystallinity 123
2.7.1.3 Morphology of Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers 124
2.7.1.4 Polymer Additions 127
2.7.2 Plasticity Mechanisms 128
2.7.2.1 Amorphous Polymers 128
2.7.2.2 Semi-crystalline Polymers 130
2.7.3 Macroscopic Response of Ductile Polymers 131
2.7.4 Yield Criteria 133
References 136
Problems 139
Review 139
Practice 140
Design 141
Extend 141
Chapter 3 Controlling Strength 143
3.1 Strengthening: A Definition 143
3.2 Strengthening of Metals 143
3.2.1 Dislocation Multiplication 143
3.2.2 Dislocation–Dislocation Interactions 146
3.3 Strain (Work) Hardening 151
3.4 Boundary Strengthening 155
3.4.1 Strength of Nanocrystalline and Multilayer Metals 156
3.5 Solid Solution Strengthening 158
3.5.1 Yield-Point Phenomenon and Strain Aging 161
3.6 Precipitation Hardening 164
3.6.1 Microstructural Characteristics 164
3.6.2 Dislocation–Particle Interactions 167
3.7 Dispersion Strengthening 170
3.8 Strengthening of Steel Alloys by Multiple Mechanisms 172
3.9 Metal-Matrix Composite Strengthening 175
3.9.1 Whisker-Reinforced Composites 175
3.9.2 Laminated Composites 176
3.10 Strengthening of Polymers 177
3.11 Polymer-Matrix Composites 182
References 184
Further Reading 185
Problems 186
Review 186
Practice 186
Design 187
Extend 188
Chapter 4 Time-Dependent Deformation 189
4.1 Time-Dependent Mechanical Behavior of Solids 189
4.2 Creep of Crystalline Solids: An Overview 191
4.3 Temperature–Stress–Strain-Rate Relations 195
4.4 Deformation Mechanisms 202
4.5 Superplasticity 205
4.6 Deformation-Mechanism Maps 208
4.7 Parametric Relations: Extrapolation Procedures for Creep Rupture Data 215
4.8 Materials for Elevated Temperature Use 220
4.9 Viscoelastic Response of Polymers and the Role of Structure 227
4.9.1 Polymer Creep and Stress Relaxation 229
4.9.2 Mechanical Analogs 235
4.9.3 Dynamic Mechanical Testing and Energy-Damping Spectra 239
References 243
Problems 245
Review 245
Practice 246
Design 247
Extend 248
Section Two Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials 249
Chapter 5 Fracture: An Overview 251
5.1 Introduction 251
5.2 Theoretical Cohesive Strength 253
5.3 Defect Population in Solids 254
5.3.1 Statistical Nature of Fracture: Weibull Analysis 255
5.3.1.1 Effect of Size on the Statistical Nature of Fracture 258
5.4 The Stress-Concentration Factor 260
5.5 Notch Strengthening 264
5.6 External Variables Affecting Fracture 265
5.7 Characterizing the Fracture Process 266
5.8 Macroscopic Fracture Characteristics 269
5.8.1 Fractures of Metals 269
5.8.2 Fractures of Polymers 271
5.8.3 Fractures of Glasses and Ceramics 273
5.8.4 Fractures of Engineering Composites 277
5.9 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms 278
5.9.1 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms: Metals 279
5.9.2 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms: Polymers 282
5.9.3 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms: Glasses and Ceramics 287
5.9.4 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms: Engineering Composites 289
5.9.5 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms: Metal Creep Fracture 291
References 294
Problems 295
Review 295
Practice 296
Design 297
Extend 297
Chapter 6 Elements of Fracture Mechanics 299
6.1 Griffith Crack Theory 299
6.1.1 Verification of the Griffith Relation 301
6.1.2 Griffith Theory and Propagation-Controlled Thermal Fracture 301
6.1.3 Adapting the Griffith Theory to Ductile Materials 304
6.1.4 Energy Release Rate Analysis 305
6.2 Charpy Impact Fracture Testing 307
6.3 Related Polymer Fracture Test Methods 311
6.4 Limitations of the Transition Temperature Philosophy 312
6.5 Stress Analysis of Cracks 315
6.5.1 Multiplicity of Y Calibration Factors 323
6.5.2 The Role of K 326
FAILURE ANALYSIS CASE STUDY 6.1: Fracture Toughness of Manatee Bones in Impact 327
6.6 Design Philosophy 328
6.7 Relation Between Energy Rate and Stress Field Approaches 330
6.8 Crack-Tip Plastic-Zone Size Estimation 332
6.8.1 Dugdale Plastic Strip Model 335
6.9 Fracture-Mode Transition: Plane Stress Versus Plane Strain 336
FAILURE ANALYSIS CASE STUDY 6.2: Analysis of Crack Development during Structural Fatigue Test 339
6.10 Plane-Strain Fracture-Toughness Testing of Metals and Ceramics 341
6.11 Fracture Toughness of Engineering Alloys 344
6.11.1 Impact Energy—Fracture-Toughness Correlations 347
Rotor Forging 354
6.12 Plane-Stress Fracture-Toughness Testing 355
6.13 Toughness Determination from Crack-Opening Displacement Measurement 358
6.14 Fracture-Toughness Determination and Elastic-Plastic Analysis with the J Integral 360
6.14.1 Determination of JIC 362
6.15 Other Fracture Models 368
6.16 Fracture Mechanics and Adhesion Measurements 371
References 375
Further Readings 378
Problems 378
Review 378
Practice 379
Design 380
Extend 381
Chapter 7 Fracture Toughness 383
7.1 Some Useful Generalities 383
7.1.1 Toughness and Strength 383
7.1.2 Intrinsic Toughness 385
7.1.3 Extrinsic Toughening 387
7.2 Intrinsic Toughness of Metals and Alloys 389
7.2.1 Improved Alloy Cleanliness 389
7.2.1.1 Cleaning Up Ferrous Alloys 390
7.2.1.2 Cleaning Up Aluminum Alloys 394
7.2.2 Microstructural Refinement 398
7.3 Toughening of Metals and Alloys Through Microstructural Anisotropy 402
7.3.1 Mechanical Fibering 402
7.3.2 Internal Interfaces and Crack Growth 406
7.3.3 Fracture Toughness Anisotropy 410
7.4 Optimizing Toughness of Specific Alloy Systems 411
7.4.1 Ferrous Alloys 411
7.4.2 Nonferrous Alloys 414
7.5 Toughness of Ceramics, Glasses, and Their Composites 416
7.5.1 Ceramics and Ceramic-Matrix Composites 416
7.5.2 Glass 422
7.6 Toughness of Polymers and Polymer-Matrix Composites 426
7.6.1 Intrinsic Polymer Toughness 426
7.6.2 Particle-Toughened Polymers 427
7.6.3 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 432
7.7 Natural and Biomimetic Materials 434
7.7.1 Mollusk Shells 434
7.7.2 Bone 437
7.7.3 Tough Biomimetic Materials 438
7.8 Metallurgical Embrittlement of Ferrous Alloys 440
7.8.1 300 to 350 C or Tempered Martensite Embrittlement 441
7.8.2 Temper Embrittlement 442
7.8.3 Neutron-Irradiation Embrittlement 444
7.9 Additional Data 449
References 453
Problems 459
Review 459
Practice 460
Design 461
Extend 461
Chapter 8 Environment-Assisted Cracking 463
8.1 Embrittlement Models 465
8.1.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement Models 465
8.1.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking Models 468
8.1.2.1 SCC of Specific Material–Environment Systems 470
8.1.3 Liquid-Metal Embrittlement 471
8.1.4 Dynamic Embrittlement 472
8.2 Fracture Mechanics Test Methods 472
8.2.1 Major Variables Affecting Environment-Assisted Cracking 480
8.2.1.1 Alloy Chemistry and Thermomechanical Treatment 480
8.2.1.2 Environment 483
8.2.1.3 Temperature and Pressure 485
8.2.2 Environment-Assisted Cracking in Plastics 487
8.2.3 Environment-Assisted Cracking in Ceramics and Glasses 489
8.3 Life and Crack-Length Calculations 492
References 493
Problems 496
Review 496
Practice 497
Design 497
Extend 497
Chapter 9 Cyclic Stress and Strain Fatigue 499
9.1 Macrofractography of Fatigue Failures 499
9.2 Cyclic Stress-Controlled Fatigue 503
9.2.1 Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue Life 506
9.2.2 Stress Fluctuation, Cumulative Damage, and Safe-Life Design 508
9.2.3 Notch Effects and Fatigue Initiation 511
9.2.4 Material Behavior: Metal Alloys 516
9.2.4.1 Surface Treatment 520
9.2.5 Material Behavior: Polymers 523
9.2.6 Material Behavior: Composites 526
9.2.6.1 Particulate Composites 526
9.2.6.2 Fiber Composites 527
9.3 Cyclic Strain-Controlled Fatigue 529
9.3.1 Cycle-Dependent Material Response 531
9.3.2 Strain Life Curves 538
9.4 Fatigue Life Estimations for Notched Components 541
9.5 Fatigue Crack Initiation Mechanisms 545
9.6 Avoidance of Fatigue Damage 547
9.6.1 Favorable Residual Compressive Stresses 547
9.6.2 Pretensioning of Load-Bearing Members 550
References 554
Problems 556
Review 556
Practice 556
Design 557
Extend 557
Chapter 10 Fatigue Crack Propagation 559
10.1 Stress and Crack Length Correlations with FCP 559
10.1.1 Fatigue Life Calculations 563
10.1.2 Fail-Safe Design and Retirement for Cause 567
10.2 Macroscopic Fracture Modes in Fatigue 568
FATIGUE FAILURE ANALYSIS CASE STUDY 10.1: Stress Intensity Factor Estimate Based on Fatigue Growth Bands 571
10.3 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms 572
10.3.1 Correlations with the Stress Intensity Factor 575
10.4 Crack Growth Behavior at ΔK Extremes 578
10.4.1 High ΔK Levels 578
10.4.2 Low ΔK Levels 583
10.4.2.1 Estimation of Short-Crack Growth Behavior 590
10.5 Influence of Load Interactions 592
10.5.1 Load Interaction Macroscopic Appearance 596
10.6 Environmentally Enhanced FCP (Corrosion Fatigue) 600
10.6.1 Corrosion Fatigue Superposition Model 605
10.7 Microstructural Aspects of FCP in Metal Alloys 606
10.7.1 Normalization and Calculation of FCP Data 615
10.8 Fatigue Crack Propagation in Engineering Plastics 618
10.8.1 Polymer FCP Frequency Sensitivity 620
10.8.2 Fracture Surface Micromorphology 625
10.9 Fatigue Crack Propagation in Ceramics 628
10.10 Fatigue Crack Propagation in Composites 632
References 635
Further Reading 641
Problems 641
Review 641
Practice 642
Design 643
Extend 644
Chapter 11 Analyses of Engineering Failures 645
11.1 Typical Defects 647
11.2 Macroscopic Fracture Surface Examination 647
11.3 Metallographic and Fractographic Examination 651
11.4 Component Failure Analysis Data 652
11.5 Case Histories 652
CASE 1: Shotgun Barrel Failures 653
Overview of Failure Events and Background Information 653
Proposed Causation Theories 654
Fractographic Evidence of Failed Gun Barrels 655
Estimation of the Material’s Fatigue Endurance Limit 655
Microfractography of Fatigue Fracture in Gun Barrel Material 656
The Verdicts 658
CASE 2: Analysis of Aileron Power Control Cylinder Service Failure 658
CASE 3: Failure of Pittsburgh Station Generator Rotor Forging 660
CASE 4: Stress Corrosion Cracking Failure of the Point Pleasant Bridge 661
CASE 5: Weld Cold Crack-Induced Failure of Kings Bridge, Melbourne, Australia 664
CASE 6: Failure Analysis of 175-mm Gun Tube 665
CASE 7: Hydrotest Failure of a 660-cm-Diameter Rocket Motor Casing 670
CASE 8: Premature Fracture of Powder-Pressing Die 673
CASE 9: A Laboratory Analysis of a Lavatory Failure 674
11.6 Additional Comments Regarding Welded Bridges 676
References 680
Further Reading 681
Chapter 12 Consequences of Product Failure 683
12.1 Introduction to Product Liability 683
12.2 History of Product Liability 684
12.2.1 Caveat Emptor and Express Warranty 685
12.2.2 Implied Warranty 685
12.2.3 Privity of Contract 686
12.2.4 Assault on Privity Protection 687
12.2.5 Negligence 691
12.2.6 Strict Liability 694
12.2.7 Attempts to Codify Product Liability Case Law 696
12.3 Product Recall 697
12.3.1 Regulatory Requirements and Considerations 698
12.3.1.1 Consumer Product Safety Commission 698
12.3.1.1.1 Defect 699
12.3.1.1.2 Substantial Product Hazard 700
12.3.1.1.3 Unreasonable Risk 700
12.3.1.2 International Governmental Landscape 701
12.3.2 Technical Considerations Regarding Potential Recalls 701
12.3.2.1 Determination of the Failure Process 702
12.3.2.2 Identification of the Affected Product Population 704
12.3.2.3 Assessment of Risk Associated with Product Failure 705
12.3.2.4 Generation of an Appropriate Corrective Action Plan 707
12.3.3 Proactive Considerations 707
12.3.3.1 Think Like a Consumer 707
12.3.3.2 Test Products Thoroughly 707
12.3.3.3 Ensure Adequate Traceability 708
12.3.3.4 Manage Change Carefully 708
RECALL CASE STUDY: The “Unstable” Ladder 708
References 710
Problems 712
Review 712
Extend 712
Chapter 13 Final Thoughts 713
13.1 Funding Highway and Bridge Repairs 713
13.2 Nonredundant Bridges 715
13.3 Dee Bridge Collapse, Chester, England (1847) 716
13.4 A Final Reflection 718
References 719
Appendix A Fracture Surface Preservation, Cleaning and Replication Techniques, and Image Interpretation 721
A.1 Fracture Surface Preservation 721
A.2 Fracture Surface Cleaning 721
A.3 Replica Preparation and Image Interpretation 723
References 725
Appendix B K Calibrations for Typical Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Propagation Test Specimens 727
Appendix C Y Calibration Factors for Elliptical and Semicircular Surface Flaws 731
Appendix D Suggested Checklist of Data Desirable for Complete Failure Analysis 733
Author Index 737
Materials Index 749
Subject Index 755
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