Design for Earthquakes

This accessible guide to seismic design examines what earthquakes do to buildings and what can be done to improve building response to earthquakes. International examples and photographs are included as important learning aids in understanding the effects of earthquakes on structures.

JAMES AMBROSE is Editor of the Parker/Ambrose Series of Simplified Design Guides. He has practiced as an architect in California and Illinois, and as a structural engineer in Illinois. He was a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California.

PREFACE

ix

(2)

INTRODUCTION

xi

PART ONE BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

1

(220)

1 Earthquakes and Their Effects

3

(10)

1.1 How Earthquakes Work

1.2 Dynamic Properties of Earthquakes

1.3 Seismic Risk

1.4 Life Safety

1.5 Damage to Stationary Structures

1.6 Post-event Recovery

2 Seismic Response of Buildings and Sites

13

(44)

2.1 Dynamic Properties of Buildings and Sites

2.2 Building Code Requirements for Earthquake Effects

2.3 Forms of Seismic Response

2.4 Structural Response

2.5 Structural Failures

2.6 Nonstructural Damage

2.7 Behavior of Ordinary Construction

2.8 Site Failures

2.9 Building Foundation Failures

3 Design for Structural Response

57

(76)

3.1 General Design Considerations

3.2 Types of Lateral Force-Resisting Systems

3.3 Lateral Bracing Systems

3.4 Horizontal Bracing

3.5 Shear Walls

3.6 Trussed Frames

3.7 Rigid Frames

3.8 Considerations for Developing Bracing Systems

3.9 Site and Foundation Concerns

3.10 Lateral Forces on Foundations

4 Design for General Building Response

133

(30)

4.1 Basic Considerations

4.2 Architectural Form and Seismic Response

4.3 Building Form and the UBC

4.4 Reduction of Vulnerability

4.5 Site Design for Seismic Response

5 Retrofit and Repair

163

(12)

5.1 Need for Strengthening

5.2 Assessing Damage

5.3 Assessing Vulnerability

5.4 Construction Timeline and Vulnerability

5.5 Design for Reducing Vulnerability

5.6 Strengthening for Seismic Resistance

6 Mitigation of Seismic Effects

175

(8)

6.1 Use of Separation Joints

6.2 Base Isolation

6.3 Shock Absorbers and Motion Modification

6.4 Architectural Design for Mitigation

6.5 Ground Modification

6.6 The Whole Mitigation Effort

7 Special Problems

183

(6)

7.1 Lateral and Uplift Forces on Deep Foundations

7.2 Ground Tension Anchors

7.3 Site Development for Seismic Response

8 Special Design Cases

189

(24)

8.1 Hillside Construction

8.2 Site Structures

8.3 Towers

8.4 Foundations for Shear Walls

8.5 Pole Structures

9 Special Design Issues

213

(8)

9.1 Determining Risk

9.2 Managing Design

9.3 Information and Aids for Design

9.4 Control of Construction

9.5 Use of Computers

PART TWO EXAMPLE DESIGN CASES

221

(126)

10 Wood-Framed Residence

223

(22)

10.1 Description

10.2 What Can Happen in an Earthquake?

10.3 Design for Improved Seismic Response

10.4 Retrofit or Repair?

10.5 Optimal Design

11 Single-Story Commercial Building

245

(34)

11.1 Scheme 1: Wood Frame Structure

11.2 Seismic Response of the Wood Structure

11.3 Design of the Wood Structure

11.4 Scheme 2: Masonry Structure

11.5 Seismic Response of the Masonry Structure

11.6 Design of the Masonry Structure

11.7 Scheme 3: Tilt-Up Wall Building

11.8 Seismic Response of the Tilt-Up Building

11.9 Design of the Tilt-Up Structure

12 Low-Rise Multiunit Building

279

(10)

12.1 General Considerations for the Apartment Complex

12.2 Design of the Wood Structure

12.3 General Considerations for the Motel

13 Low-Rise Office Building

289

(38)

13.1 General Considerations for the Building

13.2 Design of the Steel Trussed Bents

13.3 Design of the Steel Rigid Frame

13.4 Design of the Concrete Rigid Frame

13.5 Design of the Masonry Wall Structure

13.6 Design of the Concrete Wall Structure

14 Multistory Apartment Building

327

(6)

14.1 Design with Shear Wall Bracing

14.2 Design with Braced Steel Frame

14.3 Design with Concrete Frame

14.4 Steel Frame with Eccentric Bracing

15 Single-Story, Warehouse

333

(4)

15.1 Description

15.2 Design of the Horizontal Trusses

16 Sloping Sites

337

(10)

16.1 The Transition Site

16.2 The Unchanged Slope

16.3 The Cliff Edge

GLOSSARY

347

(10)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

357

(2)

INDEX

359

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Design for Earthquakes

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials