Design Guidelines in American Cities A Review

This book is a study of design initiatives and policies in five US West Coast cities - Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Irvine and San Diego - all of which have had particularly interesting experience of relevance to urban design practice in Britain and other countries.

Preface

v

Acknowledgements

vii

List of Figures

xiii

List of Tables

xvi

National Context and a Comparative Framework

1

(30)

Introduction

1

(1)

International perspectives on contemporary design review

1

(4)

The value of cross-comparative research

3

(1)

The focus of this study

4

(1)

Why west coast cities of the USA?

4

(1)

Understanding American planning systems

5

(10)

Local government structures

7

(1)

The role of the courts

8

(1)

Zoning

9

(2)

Planning and development control

11

(4)

Examples of the control process---Portland and Seattle

15

(2)

Key criticisms of planning and design review

17

(6)

Legal perspectives

19

(4)

Developing criteria for comparison and evaluation

23

(8)

The hierarchy of policy and guidance

23

(4)

Goals, objectives, principles, guidelines and procedures

27

(1)

The review process and design procedures

28

(2)

The nature of the case studies and the structure of the monograph

30

(1)

Seattle

31

(35)

Introduction

31

(1)

Design and development in downtown Seattle

32

(6)

Zoning bonuses

36

(1)

Citizen's Initiative 31 and the CAP

37

(1)

Seattle's urban villages growth strategy

38

(16)

Multi-family housing and commercial buildings: guidance and a devolved review process

41

(13)

Do-it-yourself design guidance

54

(1)

Conclusions

54

(3)

City of Bellevue

57

(1)

Introduction

57

(1)

The pressure for planning and design regulation

58

(2)

The downtown design regulations and review process

60

(4)

Conclusions

64

(2)

Portland

66

(40)

Introduction

66

(3)

State legislation and the policy basis for planning decisions

69

(5)

The evolution of planning practice

69

(3)

The political and social context for the pursuit of design quality

72

(2)

The Central City Design Guidelines

74

(6)

Central City Fundamental Design Checklist

74

(6)

The 1988 Central City Plan

80

(12)

Portland's Developer's Handbook: a user-friendly guide to design excellence

80

(12)

Guidelines in a historic district

92

(1)

The Albina Community Plan

92

(10)

Supplemental Compatibility Standards---a new alternative to guidelines

98

(4)

City-wide planning, urban growth boundaries, housing density and affordability

102

(1)

Conclusions

103

(3)

San Francisco

106

(38)

Introduction

106

(1)

The 1972 Master Plan and its urban design policies

107

(4)

The 1979 Zoning Ordinance

108

(3)

The 1985 Downtown Plan

111

(17)

Proposition M and the cap on office development

116

(1)

The `beauty contest' for office development

116

(1)

The design policies in the Downtown Plan

117

(2)

Performance guidelines for Downtown open space

119

(7)

Environmental Impact Review

126

(1)

The Rincon Center---insights into the development and control processes

126

(2)

The Residential Design Guidelines

128

(12)

Building guidelines for Bernal Heights

130

(3)

Union Street Design Guidelines: a historic commercial district

133

(3)

Westwood Park Design Guidelines

136

(4)

Conclusions

140

(4)

Irvine

144

(17)

Introduction

144

(2)

Company-controlled design

146

(2)

The limited role of the city

147

(1)

Irvine's `village' structure and layouts

148

(8)

Developers' and urban designers' perspectives on Woodbridge

150

(1)

Woodbridge, Irvine and the debate over neo-traditional design

150

(2)

Covenants, Conditions and Requirements---community control

152

(4)

Community conformity and claustrophobia or a democratic control?

156

(2)

Conclusions

158

(3)

San Diego

161

(33)

Introduction

161

(1)

The General Plan

161

(9)

Managing urban growth

161

(4)

The Multiple Species Conservation Programme---habitat-based land-use planning

165

(2)

The design content of the General Plan

167

(3)

Rationalising the zoning code

170

(2)

Community Plans

172

(19)

Center City Community Plan

173

(2)

Old Town San Diego

175

(1)

Golden Hill

176

(2)

La Jolla

178

(4)

University City

182

(4)

A review of community planning

186

(1)

Taking landscaping seriously

187

(1)

Economic growth and environmental quality

188

(3)

Conclusions

191

(3)

Conclusions

194

(25)

Introduction

194

(1)

A framework for synthesis

195

(1)

The politics of urban design

195

(2)

Public participation in formulating design policy

197

(1)

The process of design review

198

(1)

The policy hierarchy and the writing of guidelines

199

(7)

The value of design appraisal

200

(1)

Objectives and principles

201

(1)

Urbanistic principles

202

(1)

Guidelines and their elaboration: appropriate levels of prescription

202

(2)

Visions and strategies---conveying the desired future form

204

(1)

Presenting policies and guidelines in accessible ways

205

(1)

Implementation

206

(1)

A comprehensive co-ordinated effort

207

(2)

The lessons from west coast cities

209

(7)

Lessons for other countries

210

(1)

The relevance to British practice

211

(5)

APPENDICES

Appendix I Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings (1983)

216

(2)

Appendix II Persons contacted

218

(1)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

219

(8)

(i) General Sources

219

(4)

(ii) Plans and Guidance

223

(4)

(iii) City Studies

227

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Design Guidelines in American Cities A Review of Design Policies and Guidance in Five West Coast Cities

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials