The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the

Researchers in Romance languages will find this book a stimulating and broad-ranging treatment of the development of grammar, demonstrating the relevance of markedness for both linguistic theory and language teaching. A substantial and original account of a unique body of data, across first and second language acquisition, creolization and historical linguistics and across a wide range of languages and contact varieties, demonstrates a new impetus and predictive force for markedness theory.

Eduardo D. Faingold is an Associate Professor of Spanish and Linguistics at the University of Tulsa.

List of Figure and Tables

ix

Acknowledgements

xii

1 Introduction

1

(9)

1.1 Theoretical background and assumptions

1

(1)

1.2 Aims of the book

2

(1)

1.3 Research procedures

3

(1)

1.4 A model of markedness

3

(5)

1.5 Outline for the book

8

(2)

2 Articles: A Result of Natural Morphological Processes in First Language Acquisition, Creolization, and Language History

10

(29)

2.1 Introduction

10

(6)

2.2 Sources of data

16

(2)

2.3 The acquisition, creolization, and history of the article system

18

(13)

2.4 The natural development of the article system

31

(6)

2.5 Summary and conclusions

37

(2)

3 Demonstrative Pronouns: A Source of Definite Articles in History

39

(15)

3.1 Introduction

39

(1)

3.2 The data: from classical Latin to the Romance languages

40

(1)

3.3 Demonstratives and indefinite articles in Latin and the Romance languages

41

(7)

3.4 The grammaticalization of the definite article from Latin

48

(4)

3.5 Summary and conclusions

52

(2)

4 Prepositions and Adverbs: Similar Development Patterns in First and Second Language Acquisition

54

(16)

4.1 Introduction

54

(1)

4.2 Applying a developmental model of markedness

54

(3)

4.3 Sources of data

57

(2)

4.4 Spatial prepositions and temporal adverbs in first and second language acquisition

59

(7)

4.5 Spatial prepositions and temporal adverbs in developmental morphology

66

(2)

4.6 Summary and conclusions

68

(2)

5 Subjunctive Verbs: A Result of Natural Grammatical Processes in First Language Acquisition, Second Language Learning, Language Variation, and Language History

70

(21)

5.1 Introduction

70

(1)

5.2 Applying the developmental model of markedness

70

(1)

5.3 Sources of data

71

(1)

5.4 The acquisition, learning, variation, and history of mood

72

(12)

5.5 The development of mood

84

(6)

5.6 Summary and conclusions

90

(1)

6 The Mental Representation of Linguistic Markedness: Cognitive Aspects of the Spanish Subjunctive

91

(28)

6.1 Introduction

91

(4)

6.2 The Spanish present and past subjunctive: cognitive aspects of markedness

95

(12)

6.3 The future subjunctive in Spanish: cognitive aspects of markedness

107

(10)

6.4 Summary and conclusions

117

(2)

7 Summary and Conclusion

119

(6)

Appendices

125

(13)

References

138

(7)

Index

145

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The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the Romance Languages

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials