Early Childhood Development and Its Variations

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ISBN: 9780805828849 | 0805828842
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/1/2001

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Provides an overview of development, then describes principles and sequences of physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development at the infant, toddler, preschool, and primary levels. Individual differences and developmental norms are stressed throughout.

To Our Readers and Their Instructors: An Introduction to the Series

xiii

Preface

Understanding Early Childhood Development

(38)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

``I Don't Believe in Child Development''

(1)

Who Is a Child and What Is Child Development?

(1)

Early Childhood Educators and the Need to Know About Development

(5)

The Concept of Development

(1)

Resiliency and Vulnerability

(2)

Common Ground

(1)

Typical and Atypical Development

(3)

Developmental Milestones and Stages

(1)

Individual Differences

(1)

The Story of the Pie Man

(3)

Developmental Delay and Disability

(1)

Cultural Diversity

(1)

Theories of Early Development

(10)

Heredity and Maturation: An Emphasis on Internal Processes

(1)

Maturational Theory

(1)

Psychoanalytic Theory

(2)

Environment and Behavior: An Emphasis on External Factors

(1)

Classical Conditioning

(1)

Operant Conditioning

(1)

Social Learning Theory

(1)

Interactive Theories

(1)

Synactive Theory

(2)

Cognitive Development Theory

(1)

Transactional Theory

(1)

Ecological Theory

(1)

Origins of Developmental Problems

(4)

Prenatal Influences

(1)

Perinatal Influences

(1)

Postnatal Influences

(1)

Developmental Screening

(1)

Translating Theory Into Practice: Common Principles

(11)

Extending Your Learning

(1)

Vocabulary

(3)

Internet Resources

(1)

Reading Resources in Developmental Psychology

(1)

References

(4)

Infancy: From Cradle to Play Group

(54)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

What's Wrong With Cara?

(1)

Family Context

(1)

The Newborn

(2)

Physical Growth and Motor Development During Infancy: Reflexive and Rudimentary Movement

(15)

Reflexive Movement and Brain Development

(1)

Survival Reflexes

(1)

Primitive Reflexes

(1)

Brain Development

(1)

Gross Motor Development: Moving Against Gravity

(1)

Head Control

(1)

Prone Lying

(1)

Sitting

(1)

First Controlled Maneuvers

(1)

Moving on All Fours

(1)

Walking

(1)

Fine Motor Development: Reaching and Grasping

(1)

Reaching

(1)

Using the Hands

(1)

Early Grasping

(2)

Variations in Motor Development

(2)

Motor Development in an Alaskan Village

(3)

Infant Cognitive Development: Learning About the World

(8)

The Nature of Infant Intelligence

(1)

Infant Sensory Capabilities

(1)

Vision

(1)

Hearing

(1)

Other Senses

(1)

Becoming Intentional

(1)

Reflexive Activity (Birth to I Month)

(1)

Primary Circular Reactions (1 to 4 Months)

(1)

Secondary Circular Reactions (4 to 8 Months)

(1)

Coordinated Circular Reactions (8 to 12 Months)

(1)

Variations in Infant Cognitive Development

(1)

Infant Social-Affective Development: Becoming a Social Partner

(3)

Sleep-Wake States

(3)

Newborn Sleep-Wake States

(9)

Caregiver-Infant Interactions

(3)

Infant Social Skills

(1)

Social Smile

(1)

Stranger Anxiety

(1)

Proximity Seeking and Separation Anxiety

(1)

Social Referencing

(1)

Prelinguistic Communication

(1)

Crying

(1)

Early Vocalizations

(1)

Babbling

(1)

Transition to Symbolic Communication

(1)

Variations in Infant Social-Affective Development

(2)

Implications for Caregivers of Infants

(2)

Eating and Sleeping

(1)

Crying

(1)

Child Care

(1)

Concluding Remarks

(9)

Extending Your Learning

(1)

Vocabulary

(4)

Internet Resources

(1)

References

(4)

Toddlerhood: From Playgroup to Playground

(38)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

Excerpts From a Toddler's Diary (Written by His Mother)

(2)

Family Context

(1)

Physical Growth and Motor Development During Toddlerhood: Late Rudimentary-Early Fundamental Phase

(7)

Physical Growth

(1)

Gross Motor Development: Refining Basic Skills

(1)

Walking

(2)

Climbing

101

(1)

Play Skills

101

(1)

Fine Motor Development: Using the Hands

102

(2)

Variations in Toddler Motor Development

104

(1)

Toddler Cognitive Development: Becoming a Symbolic Thinker

105

(5)

Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 Months)

106

(1)

Internal Representations (18 to 24 Months)

107

(1)

Imitation

107

(1)

Spatial Relationships

108

(1)

Problem Solving

108

(1)

Means for Obtaining Ends: Tool Use

109

(1)

Cause and Effect

109

(1)

Early Preoperational Thought

110

(1)

A 2-Year-Old on the Telephone

110

(6)

Language and Communication

112

(1)

First Words

112

(2)

Beyond Single Words

114

(1)

Language and Concepts

115

(1)

Give It to Me!

116

(1)

Variations in Toddler Cognitive Development

116

(1)

Toddler Social-Affective Development: Becoming Independent While Learning the Rules

117

(5)

Temperament

119

(2)

Social Games

121

(1)

Variations in Toddler Social-Affective Development

121

(1)

Implications for Caregivers of Toddlers

122

(4)

Safety

122

(1)

Mealtimes

123

(1)

Toileting

124

(1)

Tantrums

125

(1)

Concluding Remarks

126

(1)

Final Entry in a Toddler's Diary (Written by His Mother)

126

(6)

Extending Your Learning

126

(1)

Vocabulary

127

(1)

Internet Resources

128

(1)

References

129

(3)

Preschoolers: From Playground to Peer Group

132

(42)

Chapter Objectives

132

(1)

Moving Day

133

(1)

Family Context

134

(1)

Physical Growth and Motor Development During the Preschool Years: Mastering Fundamental Movements

135

(9)

Physical Growth

135

(1)

Gross Motor Development: Coordinated Motor Play

136

(1)

Ball Play

137

(1)

Active Play

138

(1)

Fine Motor Development: Proficient Use of Hands

139

(1)

Manipulating Objects

140

(1)

Using Tools

141

(1)

Drawing and Writing

141

(2)

Variations in Preschool Motor Development

143

(1)

Preschool Cognitive Development: ``I Think It, Therefore It Is''

144

(1)

Preoperational Thought

145

(1)

Clouds and Tea

145

(11)

Literal Interpretations

146

(1)

Egocentrism

147

(1)

Transductive Reasoning

147

(1)

Irreversible Thinking

147

(1)

Selena and the Gorilla

148

(1)

Animism

148

(1)

Language and Literacy

149

(1)

Phonology and Syntax

149

(2)

Semantics and Pragmatics

151

(2)

Emergent Literacy

153

(1)

Variations in Preschool Cognitive, Language, and Literacy Development

154

(2)

Preschool Social-Affective Development: Self and Others, Friends and Family

156

(6)

Preschool as a Period of Initiative

157

(1)

Emotional Development

157

(1)

Knowledge of Self

158

(1)

Gender Identity

159

(1)

Ethnic Identity

160

(1)

Peer Interactions

161

(1)

Variations in Preschool Social-Affective Development

162

(1)

Implications for Caregivers and Teachers of Preschoolers

163

(3)

Child Care

164

(1)

Teaching Across Languages and Cultures

165

(1)

Teaching Children of Diverse Abilities

165

(1)

Concluding Remarks

166

(8)

Extending Your Learning

166

(1)

Vocabulary

167

(2)

Internet Resources

169

(1)

References

169

(5)

Primary School: From Peer Group to Academics

174

(43)

Chapter Objectives

174

(1)

Cutting the Cake to Make More

175

(1)

New Rules on the Playground

175

(1)

Family Context

176

(1)

Physical Growth and Motor Development During the Primary Years: The Late Fundamental and Early Sports Phases

177

(6)

Physical Growth

178

(1)

Hands and Eyes

178

(1)

Social Aspects of Physical Growth

179

(1)

Gross Motor Development: Games and Sports

179

(2)

Fine Motor Development: Manipulatives and Academics

181

(1)

Perceptual Motor Development

182

(1)

Variations in Primary Motor Development

182

(1)

Primary Cognitive Development: Perception Gives Way to Inference

183

(3)

Making the Transition: The Piagetian Perspective

183

(1)

Concrete Operations

184

(1)

Conservation

184

(1)

Perspective Taking

185

(1)

Classification and Categorizing

185

(1)

Transductive to Inductive Logic

186

(1)

Staying Dry at the Beach

186

(14)

Alternate Views of Cognitive Development

187

(1)

Vygotsky's View

188

(2)

The Information-Processing Model

190

(1)

Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

191

(3)

Achievements in Language and Literacy

194

(1)

Language

194

(2)

Literacy

196

(1)

Variations in Primary Cognitive Development

197

(1)

Growing Up Gifted

198

(1)

A Fuller View of Giftedness

198

(1)

Students With Disabilities

199

(1)

Primary School Social-Affective and Moral Development: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Growth

200

(5)

Affective Development

201

(1)

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

201

(1)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs

202

(1)

Industry and the Development of Self-Esteem

203

(1)

Motivation

203

(1)

Fears

204

(1)

Social Development

205

(1)

Interpersonal Development: Friendships

205

(1)

Making Friends

205

(5)

Interpersonal Development: Sibling Relationships

207

(1)

Moral Development

207

(2)

Variations in Primary School Social Affective Development

209

(1)

Implications for Caregivers and Teachers of Primary School Children

210

(1)

Concluding Remarks

211

(6)

Extending Your Learning

212

(1)

Vocabulary

212

(2)

Internet Resources

214

(1)

References

215

(2)

Author Index

217

(6)

Subject Index

223

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Early Childhood Development and Its Variations

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials