East to West Migration: Russian Migrants in

The collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe brought widespread fear of a 'tidal wave' of immigrants from the East into Western Europe. This book focuses on Russian migration into Western Europe following the break-up of the Soviet Union. Based on extensive interviews, this fascinating and unique ethnographic account of the 'new migration' challenges the underlying assumptions of traditional migration studies and post-modern theories.

List of Tables

viii

Acknowledgments

ix

Preface

x

Introduction

1

(1)

Theoretical Objectives

2

(4)

Note on Comparisons

6

(2)

Methodology

8

(2)

Ethical Considerations and Practical Difficulties

10

(2)

Organization

12

(4)

Migration

16

(23)

Contextualizing Migration

17

(6)

Contemporary and Classical Theories of Migration

18

(1)

Motivation

19

(2)

Why do Some People Stay?

21

(2)

Historical Note

23

(3)

Movement in Russian Cultural Imagination

23

(1)

`Waves' of the Twentieth Century

24

(2)

`New' Russian Migration

26

(13)

Internal Migration

27

(2)

New Migration to `Far Abroad'

29

(1)

Russians in Britain and The Netherlands

30

(1)

Different Groups of `New' Migrants

31

(8)

London and Amsterdam: The Tale of Two Cities

39

(38)

The Setting

39

(6)

Reflections

45

(2)

The Tale of Two Cities

47

(30)

Community

77

(22)

What is `Community'?

78

(5)

Establishing Invisibility

83

(1)

Reasons for Invisibility

84

(11)

The Outsiders' Perspective

84

(2)

Lack of `Established' Community

86

(1)

Insiders' Perspective

87

(4)

Antagonism

91

(4)

Paradoxes of Absence

95

(4)

Subcommunities and Subcultures

99

(30)

Diversity of Russian Migrants

100

(5)

Class

102

(3)

Subcultures

105

(4)

Types of Subcommunities

109

(20)

Inclusive Subcommunities

110

(4)

Exclusive Subcommunities

114

(6)

How are Subcommunal Boundaries Drawn and Maintained?

120

(5)

Note on Comparison between London and Amsterdam Subcommunities

125

(4)

Social Networks and Informal Economic Activity

129

(29)

Informal Economic Activity

131

(9)

Business, Bribes and Barter

131

(5)

Reciprocity and Gift Exchange

136

(4)

Social Networks

140

(9)

Svyazi and Kontakty

140

(5)

Friendship

145

(4)

Typifying the Migrants: Who Interacts with Whom?

149

(9)

Doomernik's Classification

149

(5)

Capital and Networks

154

(2)

Brief Note on Employment

156

(2)

Cultural Discourses

158

(29)

Culture: Brief Survey of Contemporary Debate

159

(2)

Discussing Culture

161

(26)

Cultural Differences and Similarities

162

(9)

Stereotypes

171

(2)

Culture as Behaviour

173

(3)

Culture as Religion

176

(2)

Culture as Heritage

178

(3)

Assimilation and Acculturation

181

(6)

Ethnicity and Identity

187

(18)

Culture and Ethnicity

187

(1)

`Russian' Ethnicity and Nationality

188

(4)

Ethnic Community: the Case of Soviet Jews

190

(2)

Discourses on Ethnicity

192

(7)

Ethnicity through Memory

192

(3)

Ethnicity through Physical Difference

195

(2)

Ethnicity through a Hierarchical Scale

197

(2)

Ethnic and Cultural Identity

199

(6)

Conclusion

205

(3)

Bibliography

208

(13)

Appendix 1 Legal Migration Statistics

221

(5)

Appendix 2 List of Informants

226

(5)

Appendix 3 Russian Institutions in London and Amsterdam

231

(9)

Index

240

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East to West Migration: Russian Migrants in Western Europe

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials