Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease From Fetus to Adult

The new edition of the acclaimed reference text on the most critical tool in pediatric cardiology practice

Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease provides comprehensive guidance on the use of non-invasive ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric cardiac conditions. Written by a team of experts from the world’s leading pediatric cardiology centers, this highly-illustrated, full-color reference covers anatomy, pathophysiology, ultrasound physics, laboratory setup, patient preparation and safety, pediatric echocardiogram protocols, quantitative methods of echocardiographic evaluation, and more.

Offering a wealth of additional material on state-of-the-art techniques and technologies in echocardiography, the thoroughly revised third edition features entirely new chapters on examination guidelines and standards, quality improvement in the laboratory, perioperative echocardiography, hemodynamic assessment of the neonate, early fetal echocardiography, and multimodality imaging. This edition offers updated and expanded discussion of the latest advances in echocardiography, particularly those related to speckle tracking and 3D echocardiography. An essential resource for all practitioners, instructors, and trainees in the field, Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease:

• Provides up-to-date reference to ultrasound imaging of the hearts of fetuses, children, and adults with both acquired and congenital heart disease
• Covers the echocardiographic examination of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities before, during, and after treatment
• Describes quantitative methods of echocardiographic evaluation, including assessment of diastolic function, right ventricular function and assessment of the post-Fontan patient
• Discusses intraoperative echocardiography, heart disease in pregnancy, and other special techniques and topics
• Includes more than 1200 high-quality color images as well as a companion website with over 600 video clips

Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, Third Edition, remains an essential textbook for cardiac sonographers, pediatric and adult cardiologists, echocardiography nurses and technicians, and adult cardiologists with interest in congenital heart disease.

Edited by:

Wyman W. Lai, MD, MPH, MBA, Co-Medical Director, CHOC Children’s Heart Institute, Clinical Professor, UC Irvine Department of Pediatrics, USA.

Luc L. Mertens, MD, PhD, Section Head, Echocardiography, The Hospital for Sick Children; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Canada.

Meryl S. Cohen, MD, MS Ed, Professor of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Associate Chief, Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.

Tal Geva, MD, Alexander S. Nadas Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Cardiologist-in-Chief and Chair, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, USA.

Contributors vii

Preface xii

About the Companion Website xiii

Part I Introduction to Cardiac Ultrasound Imaging

1 Ultrasound Physics 3
Jan D’hooge, Olivier Villemain, and Luc L. Mertens

2 Instrumentation, Patient Preparation, and Patient Safety 21
Stacey Drant and Vivekanand Allada

3 Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease 34
Tal Geva

4 The Normal Pediatric Echocardiogram 47
Wyman W. Lai and Jacqueline Wheatley

Part II Quantitative Methods

5 Structural Measurements and Adjustments for Growth 69
Steven D. Colan and Leo Lopez

6 Hemodynamic Measurements 87
Mark K. Friedberg and Olivier Villemain

7 Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessment 116
Luc L. Mertens and Mark K. Friedberg

8 Diastolic Ventricular Function Assessment 146
Peter C. Frommelt

9 Right Ventricular Function 168
Luc L. Mertens and Andreea Dragulescu

Part III Anomalies of the Systemic and Pulmonary Veins, Septa, and Atrioventricular Junction

10 Pulmonary Venous Anomalies 189
David W. Brown

11 Systemic Venous Anomalies 213
Jill J. Savla and Michael D. Quartermain

12 Anomalies of the Atrial Septum 228
Tal Geva

13 Ventricular Septal Defects 247
Shobha Natarajan and Meryl S. Cohen

14 Ebstein Anomaly, Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia, and Right Atrial Anomalies 267
Frank Cetta and Benjamin W. Eidem

15 Mitral Valve and Left Atrial Anomalies 280
James C. Nielsen and Daniela Y. Rafii

16 Common Atrioventricular Canal Defects 297
Meryl S. Cohen

Part IV Anomalies of the Ventriculoarterial Junction and Great Arteries

17 Anomalies of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary Valve 321
Matthew S. Lemler, Poonam P. Thankavel, and Claudio Ramaciotti

18 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum 340
Jami C. Levine

19 Abnormalities of the Ductus Arteriosus and Pulmonary Arteries 360
Elizabeth Caris and Bhawna Arya

20 Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Aortic Valve 382
John M. Simpson and Owen I. Miller

21 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 405
Brian R. White, David J. Goldberg, and Jack Rychik

22 Aortic Arch Anomalies: Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch 430
Jan Marek, Matthew Fenton, and Sachin Khambadkone

23 Tetralogy of Fallot 463
Shubhika Srivastava, Ira A. Parness, and Tal Geva

24 Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window 492
Timothy C. Slesnick, Ritu Sachdeva, Joe R. Kreeger, Maria A. Pernetz, and William L. Border

25 Transposition of the Great Arteries 508
Xavier Iriart, Meryl S. Cohen, and Luc L. Mertens

26 Double‐Outlet Ventricle 534
Leo Lopez, Kuberan Pushparajah, and Tal Geva

27 Physiologically “Corrected” Transposition of the Great Arteries 560
Erwin Oechslin and Andreea Dragulescu

Part V Miscellaneous Cardiovascular Lesions

28 Hearts with Functional Single Ventricle, Superior‐Inferior Ventricles, and Crisscross Heart 585
David N. Schidlow and Stephen P. Sanders

29 Echocardiographic Assessment of Functional Single Ventricles after the Fontan Operation 616
Marc Gewillig and Luc L. Mertens

30 Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy Syndrome 635
Lindsay S. Rogers and Meryl S. Cohen

31 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries 658
Shubhika Srivastava and Piers C. A. Barker

32 Vascular Rings and Slings 685
Andrew J. Powell

33 Connective Tissue Disorders 700
Julie De Backer and Shaine A. Morris

34 Cardiac Masses 728
Michele A. Frommelt and Rebecca S. Beroukhim

Part VI Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium

35 Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, and Heart Transplantation 747
Renee Margossian

36 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 772
Colin J. McMahon and Javier Ganame

37 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Pericardial Diseases 794
Dale A. Burkett and Adel K. Younoszai

38 Other Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium 822
Rebecca S. Beroukhim and Steven D. Colan

Part VII Acquired Pediatric Heart Disease

39 Kawasaki Disease 845
Kevin G. Friedman

40 Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 856
Meghan Zimmerman and Craig Sable

41 Infective Endocarditis 870
Manfred Otto Vogt and Andreas Kuhn

Part VIII Special Techniques and Topics

42 Transesophageal and Intraoperative Echocardiography 885
Owen I. Miller and John M. Simpson

43 Pregnancy and Heart Disease 904
Anne Marie Valente

44 Fetal Echocardiography 924
Lindsay R. Freud and Lisa K. Hornberger

45 Echocardiographic Assessment of the Transitional Circulation 964
Amir H. Ashrafi, Gabriel Altit, and Patrick J. McNamara

46 Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension 992
Pei‐Ni Jone

47 The Role of Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging 1011
Pierangelo Renella, Wyman W. Lai, and Ashwin Prakash

Index 1031

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