Introduction: Environments, Environmental Ambiguities, and Literatures
p. 1
Changing Environments
p. 7
Environmental Ambiguity
p. 9
Environments of Literature
p. 13
Changing Environments of Literature
p. 16
Ecoambiguity
p. 26
Environmental Degradation and Literature in East Asia
p. 32
Environmental Degradation in China
p. 35
Chinese Literature and Environmental Degradation
p. 41
Environmental Degradation in Preindustrial Korea and Japan
p. 54
Environmental Degradation in Modern Japan
p. 55
Japanese Literature and Environmental Degradation
p. 61
Environmental Degradation in Modern Korea
p. 74
Korean Literature and Environmental Degradation
p. 77
Environmental Degradation in Taiwan
p. 84
Taiwanese Literature and Environmental Degradation
p. 88
Accentuating Ambivalence
p. 99
Ambivalence
p. 102
Reconceptualizing Use
p. 107
Suffering Worlds
p. 108
Threatened Worlds
p. 119
Disappearing Worlds
p. 125
Protesting Protection
p. 132
Navigating Disparate Attitudes
p. 146
Underlining Uncertainty
p. 156
Informational Ambiguity
p. 160
The Unknown and Unknowable
p. 164
Making Sense of Symptoms
p. 169
Assessing Damage
p. 175
Assessing Collateral Nonhuman Damage
p. 184
Questioning Nonhuman Resilience
p. 191
Ambiguous Futures
p. 204
Capitalizing on Contradiction
p. 214
Determining Cause, Assessing Accountability
p. 216
Among People
p. 216
Necessity and Accountability
p. 225
Human, Nonhuman, or Both
p. 23
Contradictions: Trading Off
p. 237
Decreasing Human Numbers, Helping Environments
p. 238
Increasing Human Numbers, Harming People and Environments
p. 240
Helping Environments, Harming Environments
p. 245
Assessing Assessments of Behaviors
p. 258
Standards
p. 259
Physical Standards
p. 261
Social and Temporal Standards
p. 274
Acquiescing
p. 281
Myopia and Myopic Hyperopia
p. 282
Accepting Environmental Degradation
p. 291
Necessity, Compulsion, and Actively Damaging Environments
p. 310
Denying Disavowals
p. 318
Arresting Behaviors
p. 323
Illusions and Delusions
p. 328
Physically and Conceptually Manipulating Environments
p. 335
Gaping Chasms
p. 341
Signifying Indifference
p. 347
Culture, Civilization, and Damaged Environments
p. 357
Green Paradoxes
p. 380
Injurious Fascination
p. 389
Admiring Ecosystems, Longing for Control
p. 404
Green Hypocrisy
p. 417
Notes
p. 437
Works Cited
p. 569
Index
p. 645
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