Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants

This book focuses on introduced plant species: their origins and impacts on native vegetation and ecosystems as well as the potential for their control. Aimed at advanced students and land managers concerned with plant community conservation, it includes practical explanations, case studies and an introduction to basic techniques for evaluating the impacts of invasive plants.

Preface

xiii

1 Introduction

1

(13)

Weeds and the value of native species

1

(5)

The socio-economic background of plant introduction

6

(2)

Turning back the clock - is restoration possible?

8

(3)

Biological control as an approach to introduced weeds

11

(1)

Promoting ecosystem management for native species

12

(1)

Conclusions

13

(1)

2 Planet of Weeds: exotic plants in the landscape

14

(37)

The scope of the problem: how many and how costly are non-native plant species?

17

(3)

What's in a name?

20

(3)

Patterns of plant introductions

23

(11)

The ecological theory of colonization and invasion

34

(2)

Landscape ecology and invasive species

36

(14)

Conclusions

50

(1)

3 Biological invasions in the context of plant communities

51

(38)

Part 1-Characteristics of native plant communities that influence plant invasions

51

(28)

Disturbance and succession

53

(1)

Grime's C-S-R model of succession

54

(2)

Disturbance and the invasion of plant species

56

(4)

Herbivory and introduced plant species

60

(4)

Interspecific competition and plant invasion

64

(15)

Part 2-The effects of invasive species on plant communities and ecosystems

79

(9)

Conclusions

88

(1)

4 Predicting invasiveness from life history characteristics

89

(31)

What are life history traits?

89

(7)

Seed germination and dispersal

96

(3)

Disturbance and seed persistence

99

(4)

Seed size and seed predation

103

(3)

Vegetative reproduction

106

(4)

Case study - Phragmites australis - a story of successful vegetative reproduction

110

(1)

Do life history characteristics predict invasiveness?

111

(2)

Predicting invasive species and the design of quarantine regulations

113

(5)

Conclusions

118

(2)

5 Population ecology and introduced plants

120

(27)

Why study plant populations?

120

(1)

What determines plant population densities?

121

(5)

Self-thinning and the 3/2 rule

126

(1)

Are plants seed limited?

127

(2)

Demographic parameters

129

(2)

Monitoring populations

131

(1)

Life tables and key factor analysis

132

(7)

Population ecology of vegetatively reproducing plants

139

(1)

Case study - Diffuse knapweed in British Columbia

140

(6)

Conclusions

146

(1)

6 Introduced plant diseases

147

(17)

Introduction

147

(1)

Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)

148

(1)

Joint introductions - common barberry and wheat stem rust

149

(2)

Sudden oak death and rhododendrons

151

(1)

White pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola

152

(2)

Pandemics of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi

154

(1)

Introduction of fungi for biological control of weeds

155

(3)

Uromycladium tepperianum on Acacia saligna in South Africa

158

(1)

Puccinia chondrillina on Chondrilla juncea in Australia

158

(2)

The potential role of soil microbes in invasiveness

160

(1)

Preventing the introductions of plant diseases

161

(1)

Conclusions

162

(2)

7 Biological control of introduced plants

164

(31)

Introduction

164

(1)

How successful is biological control?

165

(14)

Can we predict successful agents and vulnerable plants?

179

(2)

Can we predict what will be a successful biological control agent?

181

(10)

Is biological control safe?

191

(2)

Conclusions

193

(2)

8 Modeling invasive plants and their control

195

(29)

Introduction

195

(1)

The history of modeling biological control

195

(4)

Modeling the impact of seed predators

199

(4)

Models of Scotch broom

203

(5)

Combining population models and experiments

208

(4)

The world is variable but models are not

212

(1)

Modeling invasive plants - what have we learned?

212

(2)

Modeling invasions as they spread across habitats and landscapes

214

(5)

What models tell us about detecting invasions

219

(2)

Invasion speed for structured populations

221

(1)

Slowing the spread

222

(1)

Conclusions

223

(1)

9 Action against non-indigenous species

224

(20)

Introduction

224

(2)

Manuals and advice

226

(1)

Physical control methods

227

(3)

Chemical control of non-indigenous plant species

230

(1)

Costs and benefits of control

231

(2)

Assessing control of non-indigenous species

233

(1)

Eradication as a goal

234

(3)

Increasing the chances of successful control

237

(2)

Who should take responsibility for introduced species?

239

(2)

The uncertain status of some invasive species

241

(2)

Conclusions

243

(1)

10 Genetically modified plants and final conclusions

244

(7)

Genetically modified plants: another time bomb?

244

(3)

Some concluding remarks

247

(4)

Appendix

251

(20)

References

271

(30)

Index

301

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Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials