The Effectiveness of European Union

Several hundred directives on environmental policy have been produced by the European Union. What impact has the output of this "legislative factory" had? After considering how decisions on environmental policy in the EU are made and the balance of power between business and environmental interests, this book looks in depth at the areas of global warming, water pollution, and air pollution.

Wyn Grant is Professor of Politics and Duncan Matthews is Jean Monnet Lecturer in Law and Politics of European Integration, both at the University of Warwick.

Peter Newell is Research Fellow, Institute of Development Studies.

Preface

ix

Introduction

1

(6)

Making Environmental Policy

7

(36)

What is environmental policy?

7

(2)

The development of environmental policy

9

(3)

What distinguishes environmental policy from other EU policy areas

12

(5)

Commission services: the environment directorate

17

(11)

The Council of Ministers

28

(4)

European Environment Agency

32

(2)

European Parliament

34

(3)

European Court of Justice

37

(3)

Conclusion

40

(3)

Business and Environmental Interests

43

(23)

Business influence on European environmental policy

46

(5)

Environmental groups and EU environmental policy

51

(13)

Conclusion

64

(2)

Implementation and Enforcement

66

(23)

Introduction

66

(2)

Characteristics of environmental legislation

68

(2)

Implementation

70

(3)

Enforcement

73

(1)

Role of EU institutions in ensuring implementation and enforcement

74

(5)

Role of member states in ensuring implementation and enforcement

79

(3)

Co-ordination of implementation and enforcement

82

(2)

Commission proposals to improve implementation and enforcement

84

(5)

The EU as an External Actor

89

(31)

The EU in global Affairs

89

(4)

Theorising the EU in global environmental affairs

93

(5)

Case studies

98

(13)

The EU in implicit global environmental politics

111

(4)

EU environmental policy and globalisation

115

(2)

Prospects

117

(3)

The Climate Change Policy of the European Union

120

(32)

Introduction

120

(2)

The Carbon Tax fiasco

122

(4)

Energy efficiency and renewables

126

(9)

Internal politics

135

(6)

National policy responses

141

(1)

Integration with other policy sectors

142

(2)

Explanations

144

(3)

Prospects

147

(5)

Water Policy

152

(25)

Introduction

152

(1)

Environmental challenges for EU water policy

153

(3)

Principles of EU water policy

156

(2)

Origins of EU water policy

158

(1)

Water Policy after the First Action Programme on the Environment, 1973

159

(5)

Revision of water policy after the Frankfurt Ministerial Seminar, 1988

164

(3)

A new approach to water policy after 1997

167

(8)

Conclusion

175

(2)

Air Pollution

177

(22)

Introduction

177

(1)

Air pollution and health

178

(4)

Environmental challenges for European air quality policy

182

(1)

The Large Combustion Plant Directive

183

(2)

The political difficulties encountered by mobile source policies

185

(2)

Technical policy problems

187

(2)

The evolution of EU policy on air quality

189

(3)

Auto Oil

192

(3)

Impact at the member state level

195

(4)

Conclusion

199

(12)

Bibliography

211

(20)

Index

231

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The Effectiveness of European Union Environmental Policy

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials