Einstein 1905-2005

, by Damour, Thibault; Darrigol, Olivier; Rivasseau, Vincent; Poincare Seminar 2005 Institut Henri Poi

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ISBN: 9783764374358 | 3764374357
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/20/2006

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The Poincarè Seminar is held twice a year at the Institute Henri Poincarè in Paris. The goal of this seminar is to provide up-to-date information about general topics of great interest in physics. Both the theoretical and experimental results are covered, with some historical background. Particular care is devoted to the pedagogical nature of the presentation. This volume is devoted to Einstein's 1905 papers and their legacy. After a presentation of Einstein's epistemological approach to physics, and the genesis of special relativity, a centenary perspective is offered. The geometry of relativistic spacetime is explained in detail. Single photon experiments are presented, as a spectacular realization of Einstein's light quanta hypothesis. A previously unpublished lecture by Einstein, which presents an illuminating point of view on statistical physics in 1910, at the dawn of quantum mechanics, is reproduced. The volume ends with an essay on the historical, physical and mathematical aspects of Brownian motion.

Foreword

Olivier DARRIGOL

The Genesis of the Theory of Relativity

(32)

1 Maxwell's theory as it was

(2)

2 Flashback: The optics of moving bodies

(5)

3 Lorentz's theory

(3)

4 Poincare's criticism

(3)

5 The Lorentz invariance

(5)

6 Einstein's theory

(6)

7 The inertia of energy

(3)

Conclusions

(1)

Short bibliography

(3)

Clifford M. WILL

Special Relativity: A Centenary Perspective

(26)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Fundamentals of special relativity

(6)

2.1 Einstein's postulates and insights

(1)

2.2 Time out of joint

(2)

2.3 Spacetime and Lorentz invariance

(2)

2.4 Special relativistic dynamics

(1)

3 Classic tests of special relativity

(6)

3.1 The Michelson-Morley experiment

(2)

3.2 Invariance of c

(1)

3.3 Time dilation

(1)

3.4 Lorentz invariance and quantum mechanics

(1)

3.5 Consistency tests of special relativity

(2)

4 Special relativity and curved spacetime

(5)

4.1 Einstein's equivalence principle

(1)

4.2 Metric theories of gravity

(1)

4.3 Effective violations of local Lorentz invariance

(3)

5 Is gravity Lorentz invariant?

(2)

6 Tests of local Lorentz invariance at the centenary

(2)

6.1 Frameworks for Lorentz symmetry violations

(2)

6.2 Modern searches for Lorentz symmetry violation

(1)

7 Concluding remarks

(1)

References

(3)

Jacques BROS and Ugo MOSCHELLA

The Geometry of Relativistic Spacetime

(1)

Jacques BROS

From Euclid's Geometry to Minkowski's Spacetime

(1)

Introduction and general survey

(60)

1 On the use of geometry in mathematical physics and the concept of spacetime

(4)

1.1 Geometry of description and geometry of representation

(1)

1.2 The use of geometry in more than three dimensions

(1)

1.3 Galilean spacetime as a geometry of representation of motion phenomenons

(2)

2 Postulates and construction of Minkowski's spacetime

(28)

2.1 The postulates and the light-cone structure of spacetime

(4)

2.2 Simultaneousness revisited

(5)

2.3 Space-ships' flight: the anniversary curve

(1)

2.4 Minkowskian (pseudo-)distance and the inverse triangular inequality: the twin "paradox"

(3)

2.5 Spatial equidistance and the "Lorentz contraction" of lengths

(2)

2.6 Lorentz transformations in the Minkowskian plane and two-dimensional Lorentz frames

(4)

2.7 The four-dimensional Minkowski's spacetime; tetrads, Lorentz group and Poincare group

(8)

3 Accelerated motions and curved world-lines

(9)

3.1 Curvilinear distances and the slowing down of clocks

(3)

3.2 Minkowski's description of accelerations

101

(2)

3.3 A comfortable trip for the "Langevin traveler"

103

(4)

4 On the visual appearance of rapidly moving objects: Lorentz contraction revisited

107

(5)

5 The Minkowskian energy-momentum space: E mc² and particle physics

112

(5)

6 Toward simple geometries of curved spacetimes

117

(2)

References

119

(1)

Ugo MOSCHELLA

The de Sitter and anti-de Sitter Sightseeing Tour

120

(15)

Introduction

120

(1)

1 An analogy: non-Euclidean spaces of constant curvature

120

(2)

2 The de Sitter universe

122

(4)

3 Anti-de Sitter

126

(6)

4 Epilogue

132

(1)

References

133

(2)

Philippe GRANGIER

Experiments with Single Photons

135

(16)

1 Back to the beginning: Einstein's 1905 and 1909 articles

135

(2)

2 Quantum optics and the photon

137

(2)

3 Using single photons: Quantum Key Distribution

139

(3)

4 Single photon sources

142

(2)

5 Coalescing photons

144

(3)

6 "En guise de conclusion": towards entangled photons on demand

147

(1)

References

148

(3)

Thibault DAMOUR

Einstein 1905-1955: His Approach to Physics

151

(32)

1 On Einstein's Epistemology

151

(1)

2 Einstein and Philosophy

152

(1)

3 Hume, Kant, Mach and Poincaré

153

(2)

4 Scientific Philosophy and Einstein's Conceptual Innovation

155

(3)

5 Einstein and the Theories of Relativity

158

(1)

6 Einstein and the Kantian Quantum

159

(1)

7 A Crucial Conversation

160

(3)

8 "Waves Over Here, Quanta Over There!"

163

(1)

9 Einstein's "Ghost Field", Born's "Probability Amplitude", and Heisenberg's "Uncertainty Relations"

164

(3)

10 A Watershed Moment

167

(2)

11 Adventurers in Entangled Reality

169

(3)

12 The Mouse and the Universe

172

(4)

13 The Multiple World

176

(4)

14 The Kantian Quantum

180

(2)

References

182

(1)

Albert EINSTEIN

On Boltzmann's Principle and Some Immediate Consequences Thereof

Translation by Bertrand DUPLANTIER and Emily PARKS from the original German text into French and English

183

(11)

Bertrand DUPLANTIER

Commentary

194

(1)

General potential

194

(3)

Moments of any order

197

(4)

Bertrand DUPLANTIER

Brownian Motion, "Diverse and Undulating"

201

1 A brief history of Brownian motion

202

(53)

1.1 Robert Brown and his precursors

203

(2)

1.2 The period before Einstein

205

(6)

1.3 William Sutherland, 1904-05

211

(4)

1.4 Albert Einstein, 1905

215

(16)

1.5 Marian von Smoluchowski

231

(9)

1.6 Louis Bachelier

240

(4)

1.7 Paul Langevin

244

(5)

1.8 Jean Perrin's experiments

249

(6)

2 Measurements by Brownian fluctuations

255

(8)

2.1 Micromanipulation of DNA molecules

255

(2)

2.2 Measurement of force by Brownian fluctuations

257

(2)

2.3 Theory

259

(4)

3 Potential theory and Brownian motion

263

(16)

3.1 Introduction

263

(1)

3.2 Newtonian potential

264

(2)

3.3 Harmonic functions and the Theorem of the Mean

266

(3)

3.4 The Dirichlet problem

269

(1)

3.5 Relation between potential theory and Brownian motion

269

(6)

3.6 Recurrence properties of Brownian motion

275

(4)

4 The fine geometry of the planar Brownian curve

279

4.1 The Brownian boundary

279

(4)

4.2 Potential theory in a neighborhood of a Brownian curve

283

(1)

4.3 Multifractality

284

(5)

4.4 Generalized rnultifractality

289

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Einstein 1905-2005

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