Electricity, Magnetism, and Light

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ISBN: 9780126194555 | 0126194556
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/19/2002

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A very comprehensive introduction to electricity, magnetism and optics ranging from the interesting and useful history of the science, to connections with current real-world phenomena in science, engineering and biology, to common sense advice and insight on the intuitive understanding of electrical and magnetic phenomena. This is a fun book to read, heavy on relevance, with practical examples, such as sections on motors and generators, as well as 'take-home experiments' to bring home the key concepts. Slightly more advanced than standard freshman texts for calculus-based engineering physics courses with the mathematics worked out clearly and concisely. Helpful diagrams accompany the discussion. The emphasis is on intuitive physics, graphical visualization, and mathematical implementation. Solutions are available via website to qualified users.

Preface for the Lecturer

viii

Acknowledgments

Preface for the Student

xii

E&M and Light in a Nutshell

xiv

Review/Preview Electricity: Its Uses and Its Visualization

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Electricity at Home: A Presumed Common Experience

(5)

Some Uses of Electrical Power

(1)

Electricity from Voltaic Cells: DC Power in an Automobile

(2)

Two Practice Exam Questions

(1)

The Electric Fluid Model

(6)

Answers to the Practice Exam Questions

(3)

Beyond the Electric Fluid Model

(6)

Review of Vectors in Three Dimensions

(4)

Multiplication of Vectors

(10)

A History of Electricity and Magnetism, to Conservation of Charge

(41)

Introduction

(1)

Early History

(1)

Seventheenth-Century Electricity and Magnetism

(2)

Eighteenth-Century Electricity

(5)

Electric Charge Is Conserved: Transfer, but No Creation or Destruction

(2)

Electrostatic Induction

(4)

Modern Views of Charge Conservation

(1)

Charge Quantization

(1)

Adding Up Charge

(9)

Home Experiments (optional)

(3)

Electrical Extras (optional)

(13)

Coulomb's law for Static Electricity, Principle of Superposition

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Discovering the Laws of Static Electricity

(3)

The Inverse Square Law of Electricity: Coulomb's Law

(1)

Simple Applications of Coulomb's Law

(4)

Vectors and the Principle of Superposition

(6)

Use of Symmetry

(2)

Force Due to a Line Charge: Approximate and Integral Calculus Solutions

(4)

Study and Problem Solving Strategy

100

(8)

The Electric Field

108

(37)

Introduction

108

(2)

Obtaining the Electric Field: Experiment

110

(3)

Obtaining the Electric Field: Theory

113

(2)

Visualizing the Electric Field: Part I

115

(3)

Finding E: Principle of Superposition for Discrete Charges

118

(3)

Finding E: Principle of Superposition for Continuous Charge Distributions

121

(7)

Visualizing the Electric Field: Part 2

128

(2)

Force, Torque, and Energy of a Dipole in a Uniform Field

130

(2)

Force on a Dipole in a Nonuniform Field

132

(1)

Motion of Charges

133

(3)

The Classical World Is Unstable for Electrical Forces Alone (optional)

136

(9)

Gauss's Law: Flux and Charge Are Related

145

(39)

Introduction

145

(1)

Motivating Gauss's Law: Defining Electric Flux ΦE

146

(3)

Gauss's Law

149

(2)

Computing E and Then Using Gauss's Law to Obtain Qenc

151

(4)

Determining E by Symmetry: The Three Cases

155

(4)

Electrical Conductors in Equilibrium

159

(4)

Just Outside a Uniform Conductor, Eout n Varies as the Local Surface Charge Density σs

163

(3)

Charge Measurement and Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment

166

(2)

Proof of Gauss's Law

168

(1)

Conductors with Cavities: Electrical Screening (optional)

169

(4)

Advanced Topics in Conductors and Screening (optional)

173

(11)

Electrical Potential Energy and Electrical Potential

184

(43)

Introduction

185

(1)

Gravitational Potential Energy and Gravitational Potential

186

(2)

Electrical Potential Energy and Electrical Potential

188

(4)

Some Applications of Electrical Potential

192

(3)

Equipotential Surfaces and Electric Fields

195

(4)

Point Charges: Electrical Potential Energy and Electrical Potential

199

(4)

Electrical Potential Is Path Independent

203

(2)

Calculating V from E

205

(4)

V as a Sum over Point Charges (Action-at-a-Distance Viewpoint)

209

(2)

Calculating E from V

211

(3)

Connecting Two Conductors, Charge Redistribution, and the ``Power of Points''

214

(2)

Outside a Nonuniform Conductor, E Can Have a Parallel Component (optional)

216

(11)

Capacitance

227

(54)

Introduction

227

(1)

Self-Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor

228

(4)

Two-Plate Capacitors

232

(3)

Capacitors in Circuits

235

(8)

Dielectrics

243

(5)

Electrical Energy

248

(3)

Force and Energy

251

(4)

Coefficients of Potential (optional)

255

(4)

Material Properties of Dielectrics (optional)

259

(8)

Flux Tubes (optional)

267

(14)

Ohm's Law: Electric Current Is Driven by Emf, and Limited by Electrical Resistance

281

(55)

Introduction

282

(3)

Electric Current

285

(2)

Global Form of Ohm's Law

287

(3)

Local Form of Ohm's Law

290

(3)

Resistors in Series and in Parallel

293

(5)

Meters: Their Use and Design

298

(4)

Some Complexities of Voltaic Cells: The Car Battery

302

(2)

Emf and Ohm's Law

304

(5)

Energy Storage by Voltaic Cells

309

(3)

Voltaic Cells in Simple Circuits

312

(3)

Drag Force

315

(3)

Conductivity of Materials--I

318

(4)

Conductivity of Materials--II (optional)

322

(14)

Batteries, Kirchhoff's Rules, and Compelx Circuits

336

(48)

Introduction

337

(1)

Discovery Must Include Reproducibility: It Need Not Include Understanding (optional)

337

(2)

Batteries Are Combinations of Voltaic Cells

339

(3)

The ``Charge'' on a Battery, and Its Cost

342

(1)

Maximizing Power Transfer versus Maximizing Efficiency of Power Transfer

343

(3)

Kirchhoff's Rules Tell Us How to Analyze Complex Circuits

346

(4)

Applications of Kirchhoff's Rules

350

(7)

Short- and Long-Time Behavior of Capacitors

357

(3)

Charging and Discharging: The RC Circuit

360

(5)

Surface Charge Makes the E Field That Drives the Current (optional)

365

(3)

The Bridge Circuit (optional)

368

(4)

Plasma Oscillations (optional)

372

(2)

Interlude: Beyond Lumped Circuits (R's and C's) (optional)

374

(10)

The Magnetism of Magnets

384

(35)

Introduction

384

(3)

Outside a Magnet We Can Use Magnetic Charge (Poles)

387

(5)

Magnetization and Magnetic Dipole Moment

392

(3)

Inside a Magnet There Really Are No Poles

395

(3)

Types of Magnetic Materials

398

(2)

Ferromagnetic Materials

400

(3)

Demagnetization Field Hdemag

403

(3)

How We Know B Is Truly Fundamental

406

(1)

Magnetic Oscillations (optional)

407

(5)

How Permanent Magnets Get Their Permanent (optional)

412

(7)

How Electric Currents Interact with Magnetic Fields

419

(41)

Introduction

419

(2)

The Magnetism of Electric Currents--Ampere's Equivlence

421

(6)

Some Consequences of Ampere's Equivalence

427

(4)

Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

431

(6)

The Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field

437

(1)

Applications of the Magnetic Force Law

438

(7)

The Hall Effect

445

(4)

On Magnetic Work (optional)

449

(11)

How Electric Currents Make Magnetic Fields: The Biot-Savart Law and Ampere's Law

460

(45)

Introduction

461

(1)

Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Wire

462

(2)

Derivation of Biot-Savart Law: Field of Current-Carrying Wire

464

(1)

Applications of the Biot-Savart Law

465

(3)

Applications of the Principle of Superposition

468

(3)

Forces on Magnets and Current-Carrying Wires

471

(3)

Statement of Ampere's Law

474

(2)

Derivation of Ampere's Law for Magnetic Circulation: The Magnetic Shell

476

(4)

Ampere's Law Implies That Circulation Yields Current

480

(2)

Applications of Ampere's Law and Symmetry

482

(4)

Surface Currents and Perfect Diamagnetism(optional)

486

(3)

Amperian Surface Currents and Magnets (optional)

489

(1)

How We Know (optional)

489

(3)

The Electromagnet (optional)

492

(13)

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

505

(54)

Introduction

506

(1)

Faraday's Law

507

(1)

Faraday's Experiments

508

(6)

Lenz's Law: A Qualitative Statement of Faraday's Law

514

(6)

Faraday's Law--Quantitative

520

(4)

Mutual Inductance

524

(4)

Motional EMF

528

(5)

Michael Faraday Meets Mr. Jenkin

533

(1)

Mutual Inductance and Self-Inductance

534

(2)

Calculating Self-Inductance

536

(2)

Self-Inductance and the LR Circuit

538

(4)

Magnetic Energy

542

(2)

EMF and Electric Field Induced by a Solenoid (optional)

544

(2)

Mr. Jenkin with Self-Inductance (optional)

546

(13)

Mechanical Implications of Faraday's Law: Motors and Generators

559

(22)

How Electricity Became Part of Daily Life (optional)

560

(2)

Breakthroughs in Efficiency of Motors and Generators

562

(2)

Simple Model for DC Motor and Generator--The Linear Machine

564

(2)

Equations Describing the Linear Machine

566

(2)

Solving the Equations

568

(2)

Efficiency and Load

570

(1)

Transients

571

(2)

Eddy Currents and MAGLEV (optional)

573

(8)

Alternating Current Phenomena: Signals and Power

581

(49)

Introduction

581

(2)

LC Resonance

583

(4)

RLC Circuit Transients

587

(4)

AC Generator--Rotate Loop in Uniform B Field

591

(1)

Response to AC Power of Circuit Elements--Impedance and Phase

592

(6)

RC and LR Series Circuits

598

(4)

Rectifying and Filtering AC Voltages

602

(2)

RLC Resonance: Tuning AC

604

(3)

Principles of Amplification (optional)

607

(1)

Power and Power Factor

608

(4)

Transforming AC

612

(4)

Getting DC Force from AC Power (optional)

616

(3)

Electromagnetic Shielding--Skin Depth (optional)

619

(11)

Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Radiation

630

(48)

Introduction

631

(1)

A Brief History of Communications

631

(2)

Maxwell's New Term--The Displacement Current

633

(3)

Equation of Motion for a String under Tension

636

(3)

Waves on a String

639

(4)

Electromagnetic Waves

643

(4)

The Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

647

(1)

Electromagnetic Energy and Power Flow

648

(2)

Momentum of Electromagnetic Radiation, Radiation Pressure

650

(1)

Index of Refraction and Snell's Law of Refraction

651

(5)

Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation; Polarization

656

(3)

Microwave Cavities--Standing Waves (optional)

659

(2)

Wires, Co-axial Cables, and Waveguides--Traveling Waves (optional)

661

(2)

Hertz's Studies of Electromagnetic Radiation (optional)

663

(4)

Supplementary Material (optional)

667

(11)

Optics

678

(1)

Introduction

678

(1)

Interference and Diffraction

679

(6)

Optics to the End of the 17th Century

685

(4)

Late 17th-Century Discoveries about Light

689

(4)

Late 17th-Century Views of Light

693

(5)

Thomas Young--Interference

698

(10)

Augustin Fresnel--Theory of Interference and Diffraction Intensity

708

(7)

Polarization by Crystals (optional)

715

(4)

Multiple Slits and Diffraction Gratings

719

(5)

X-Ray Scattering off Crystals

724

Appendix A General Mathematics Review

(10)

A.1 Simple Equations

(1)

A.2 Scientific Notation and Powers

(2)

A.3 Arc Length and Trigonometry

(3)

A.4 Differential Calculus

(3)

A.5 Integral Calculus

(2)

Appendix B Introduction to Spreadsheets

(2)

Appendix C The Periodic Table

(2)

Appendix D Solutions to Odd-Numbered Problems

Index

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Electricity, Magnetism, and Light

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials