Elementary Statistics

, by Johnson, Robert R.; Kuby, Patricia J.

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ISBN: 9780534356767 | 0534356761
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/27/1999

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ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, Eighth Edition offers comprehensive coverage of elementary statistics in a language that speaks to today's students. This text goes beyond formulas, offering 'real-world' data and examples that present statistics as a useful tool in real-world applications, e.g. physical and social sciences, business, and engineering. The authors promote the learning of statistics in a context that relates to personal experience. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS features modern ideas by integrating the use of computer output and instruction for every exercise.

Part One DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

(29)

Sir Francis Galton

Statistics

(25)

Chapter Outline

(1)

Chapter Case Study Americans, Here's Looking at You

(1)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

What is Statistics?

(5)

Measuring Physical Discomfort

(1)

Explaining One of Life's Mysteries

(1)

Telling Us ``What We Think''

(1)

Statistics Is Tricky Business

(1)

Describing Our Romance With the Road

(2)

Introduction to Basic Terms

(8)

Eating Together: Still Important

(3)

Measurability and Variability

(1)

Data Collection

(7)

Rain Again This Weekend!

(1)

Are We Treated Equally?

(4)

Comparison of Probability and Statistics

(1)

Statistics and Technology

(2)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

(7)

In Retrospect

(1)

Chapter Exercises

(1)

Vocabulary and Key Concepts

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

(1)

Descriptive Analysis and Presentation of Single-Variable Data

(2)

Chapter Outline

(1)

Chapter Case Study Describing the Commute to Work Is Not Simple

(1)

Chapter Objectives

(1)

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF DATA

(30)

Graphs, Pareto Diagrams, and Stem-and-Leaf Displays

(15)

Qualitative Data

(4)

Quantitative Data

(10)

Frequency Distributions and Histograms

(15)

The Age of Talk

(13)

NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

(46)

Measures of Central Tendency

(9)

``Average'' Means Different Things

(4)

Measures of Dispersion

(9)

Mean and Standard Deviation of Frequency Distribution

(8)

Measures of Position

(10)

Interpreting and Understanding Standard Deviation

102

(6)

Test for Normality

104

(4)

The Art of Statistical Deception

108

(4)

Good Arithmetic, Bad Statistics

109

(1)

Insufficient Information

109

(1)

The Information That Was Almost Presented

109

(1)

Truncated Vertical Scale

110

(1)

Claiming Rapid Growth

110

(1)

Nonhorizontal Horizontal Axis

110

(1)

Increasing the Increase

110

(1)

Variable Scales

111

(1)

S-t-r-e-t-c-h-i-n-g the Graph

111

(1)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

112

(54)

In Retrospect

112

(1)

Chapter Exercises

113

(11)

Vocabulary List

124

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

124

(4)

PART I: Knowing the Definitions

124

(1)

PART II: Applying the Concepts

125

(1)

PART III: Understanding the Concepts

126

(2)

Descriptive Analysis and Presentation of Bivariate Data

128

(38)

Chapter Outline

128

(1)

Chapter Case Study How Do You Spend Your Time?

129

(1)

Chapter Objectives

130

(1)

Bivariate Data

131

(14)

Two Qualitative Variables

131

(1)

Percentages Based on the Grand Total (Entire Sample)

132

(1)

Percentages Based on Row Totals

133

(1)

Percentages Based on Column Totals

134

(1)

One Qualitative and One Quantitative Variable

134

(3)

Two Quantitative Variables

137

(1)

Paid Vacation Days

138

(7)

Linear Correlation

145

(8)

Understanding the Linear Correlation Coefficient

149

(1)

Points and Fouls in Basketball

150

(3)

Linear Regression

153

(13)

Making Predictions

159

(2)

Understanding the Line of Best Fit

161

(1)

Thirty-five Years of Car Prices and Income

162

(4)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

166

In Retrospect

166

(1)

Chapter Exercises

167

(4)

Vocabulary List

171

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

171

(3)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

171

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

172

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

173

(1)

Working with Your Own Data

174

Single Variable Data

174

(1)

Bivariate Data

174

Part Two PROBABILITY

177

(200)

Karl Pearson

Probability

178

(22)

Chapter Outline

178

(1)

Chapter Case Study Lotteries Are Big Business

179

(1)

Chapter Objectives

180

(1)

Concepts of Probability

180

(1)

The Nature of Probability

180

(3)

Probability of Events

183

(5)

Simple Sample Spaces

188

(6)

Rules of Probability

194

(6)

Odds

196

(1)

Trying to Beat the Odds

197

(1)

Complement of an Event

197

(3)

CALCULATING PROBABILITIES OF COMPOUND EVENTS

200

(25)

Mutually Exclusive Events and the Addition Rule

200

(6)

Mutually Exclusive Events

200

(2)

Addition Rule

202

(4)

Independence, the Multiplication Rule, and Conditional Probability

206

(10)

Independence and Conditional Probabilities

207

(3)

Multiplication Rule

210

(2)

New York PICK 10

212

(4)

Combining the Rules of Probability

216

(9)

Is What You Read, What Was Printed?

222

(3)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

225

(44)

In Retrospect

226

(1)

Chapter Exercises

226

(6)

Vocabulary List

232

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

232

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

232

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

232

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

233

(1)

Probability Distributions (Discrete Variables)

234

(35)

Chapter Outline

234

(1)

Family Values and Family Togetherness

235

(1)

Chapter Objectives

236

(1)

Random Variables

236

(2)

Probability Distributions of a Discrete Random Variable

238

(8)

Who Needs the Ambulance?

242

(4)

Mean and Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution

246

(4)

The Binomial Probability Distribution

250

(14)

Mean and Standard Deviation of the Binomial Distribution

264

(5)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

269

(41)

In Retrospect

269

(1)

Chapter Exercises

270

(3)

Vocabulary List and Key Concepts

273

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

274

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

274

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

274

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

274

(2)

Normal Probability Distributions

276

(34)

Chapter Outline

276

(2)

Measures of Intelligence

278

(1)

Chapter Objectives

278

(1)

Normal Probability Distributions

278

(1)

The Standard Normal Distribution

279

(7)

Applications of Normal Distributions

286

(13)

A Predictive Failure Cost Tool

288

(11)

Notation

299

(5)

Normal Approximation of the Binomial

304

(6)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

310

(27)

In Retrospect

310

(1)

Chapter Exercises

311

(3)

Vocabulary List

314

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

315

(1)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

315

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

315

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

315

(1)

Sample Variability

316

(21)

Chapter Outline

316

(1)

Galluping Attitudes

317

(1)

Chapter Objectives

318

(1)

Sampling Distributions

318

(6)

Average Aircraft Age

322

(2)

The Central Limit Theorem

324

(7)

Application of the Central Limit Theorem

331

(6)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

337

In Retrospect

337

(1)

Chapter Exercises

338

(4)

Vocabulary List

342

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

342

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

342

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

343

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

343

(1)

Working with Your Own Data

344

The Population

344

(1)

The Sampling Distribution, Theoretically

344

(1)

The Sampling Distribution, Empirically

344

Part Three INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

347

(404)

William Gosset

Introduction to Statistical Inferences

348

(56)

Chapter Outline

348

(1)

Holiday Spending

349

(1)

Chapter Objectives

350

(1)

The Nature of Estimation

350

(4)

Gallup Report: Sampling Tolerances

353

(1)

Estimation of Mean μ (σ Known)

354

(12)

Rockies Snow Brings Little Water

359

(3)

Sample Size

362

(4)

The Nature of Hypothesis Testing

366

(7)

Evaluation of Teaching Techniques

369

(4)

Hypothesis Test of Mean μ (σ Known): A Probability-Value Approach

373

(16)

Hypothesis Test of Mean μ (σ Known): A Classical Approach

389

(15)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

404

(59)

In Retrospect

405

(1)

Chapter Exercises

406

(5)

Vocabulary List

411

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

412

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

412

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

412

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

413

(1)

Inferences Involving One Population

414

(49)

Chapter Outline

414

(1)

Paying Their Own Way

415

(1)

Chapter Objectives

416

(1)

Inferences About Mean μ (σ Unknown):

416

(18)

Confidence Interval Procedure

421

(3)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

424

(5)

Mother's Use of Personal Pronouns When Talking with Toddlers

429

(5)

Inferences About the Binomial Probability of Success

434

(17)

Confidence Interval Procedure

436

(4)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

440

(4)

The Methods Behind the Polling Madness

444

(7)

Inferences About Variance and Standard Deviation

451

(12)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

454

(9)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

463

(62)

In Retrospect

463

(2)

Chapter Exercises

465

(3)

Vocabulary List

468

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

469

(3)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

469

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

469

(2)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

471

(1)

Inferences Involving Two Populations

472

(53)

Chapter Outline

472

(1)

Who Knows the American Flag?

473

(1)

Chapter Objectives

474

(1)

Independent and Dependent Samples

474

(3)

Exploring the Traits of Twins

476

(1)

Inferences Concerning the Mean Difference Using Two Dependent Samples

477

(13)

Confidence Interval Procedure

479

(2)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

481

(9)

Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Means Using Two Independent Samples

490

(16)

Confidence Interval Procedure

491

(2)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

493

(6)

An Empirical Study of Faculty Evaluation Systems: Business Faculty Perceptions

499

(7)

Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Proportions Using Two Independent Samples

506

(8)

Confidence Interval Procedure

507

(2)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

509

(3)

Smokers Need More Time in Recovery Room

512

(2)

Inferences Concerning the Ratio of Variances Using Two Independent Samples

514

(11)

Personality Characteristics of Police Academy Applicants

522

(3)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

525

In Retrospect

525

(1)

Chapter Exercises

526

(5)

Vocabulary List

531

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

532

(1)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

532

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

532

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

533

(1)

Working with Your Own Data

534

A High-Speed Filling Operation

535

(1)

Your Own Investigation

535

Part Four MORE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

537

(566)

Sir Ronald A. Fisher

Applications of Chi-Square

538

(28)

Chapter Outline

538

(1)

Cooling Your Mouth After a Great Hot Taste

539

(1)

Chapter Objectives

539

(1)

Chi-Square Statistic

540

(2)

Inferences Concerning Multionmial Experiments

542

(11)

Why We Rearrange Furniture

547

(1)

Why People Volunteer

548

(5)

Inferences Concerning Contingency Tables

553

(13)

Test of Independence

553

(5)

Test of Homogeneity

558

(1)

Westerners Bake Their Spuds

559

(1)

Why We Don't Exercise

560

(6)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

566

(29)

In Retrospect

566

(1)

Chapter Exercises

567

(5)

Vocabulary List

572

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

572

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

572

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

572

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

573

(1)

Analysis of Variance

574

(21)

Chapter Outline

574

(1)

Time Spent Reading the Newspaper

575

(1)

Chapter Objectives

576

(1)

Introduction to the Analysis of Variance Technique

576

(6)

The Logic Behind Anova

582

(2)

Applications of Single-Factor Anova

584

(11)

High School Homework Time

584

(1)

A Time for Giving

585

(10)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

595

(54)

In Retrospect

596

(1)

Chapter Exercises

596

(7)

Vocabulary List

603

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

603

(3)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

603

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

604

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

605

(1)

Linear Correlation and Regression Analysis

606

(43)

Chapter Outline

606

(1)

Charting the Pounds

607

(1)

Chapter Objectives

608

(1)

Linear Correlation Analysis

608

(6)

Inferences About the Linear Correlation Coefficient

614

(9)

Confidence Interval Procedure

614

(2)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

616

(2)

DNA Quantitation by Image Cytometry of Touch Preparation from Fresh and Frozen Tissue

618

(5)

Linear Regression Analysis

623

(6)

Inferences Concerning the Slope of the Regression Line

629

(10)

Confidence Interval Procedure

630

(1)

Hypothesis-Testing Procedure

631

(1)

Reexamining the Use of Seriousness Weights in an Index of Crime

631

(8)

Confidence Interval Estimates for Regression

639

(9)

Understanding the relationship Between Correlation and Regression

648

(1)

Hotel Chains Cutting Staff to Boost Profits

649

(1)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

649

(51)

In Retrospect

649

(1)

Chapter Exercises

650

(5)

Vocabulary List

655

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

656

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

656

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

656

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

657

(1)

Elements of Nonparametric Statistics

658

(42)

Chapter Outline

658

(1)

Men and Women in the Workplace

659

(1)

Chaper Objectives

660

(1)

Nonparametric Statistics

660

(1)

Comparing Statistical Tests

660

(1)

The Sign Test

661

(13)

Single-Sample Confidence Interval Procedure

662

(1)

Single-Sample Hypothesis Test Procedure

662

(3)

Two-Sample Hypothesis Test Procedure

665

(2)

Normal Approximation

667

(7)

The Mann-Whitney U Test

674

(10)

Hypothesis Test Procedure

674

(4)

Normal Approximation

678

(4)

Health Beliefs and Practices of Runners versus Nonrunners

682

(2)

The Runs Test

684

(7)

Normal Approximation

687

(4)

Rank Correlation

691

(9)

Effects of Therapeutic Touch on Tension Headache Pain

697

(3)

RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY

700

(11)

In Retrospect

701

(1)

Chapter Exercises

701

(5)

Vocabulary List

706

(1)

Chapter Practice Test

707

(2)

Part I: Knowing the Definitions

707

(1)

Part II: Applying the Concepts

707

(1)

Part III: Understanding the Concepts

708

(1)

Working with Your Own Data

709

(2)

The Age and Value of Peggy's Car

709

(1)

Your Own Investigation

710

(1)

APPENDIX A BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING

711

(8)

APPENDIX B TABLES

719

1. Random Numbers

719

(2)

2. Binomial Probabilities

721

(3)

3. Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution

724

(1)

4. Critical Values of Standard Normal Distribution

725

(1)

5. P-Values for Standard Normal Distribution

726

(1)

6. Critical Values of Student's t-Distribution

727

(1)

7. Probability-Values for Student's t-Distribution

728

(1)

8. Critical Values of x2 (Chi-Square) Distribution

729

(1)

9a. Critical Values of the F Distribution (α = 0.05)

730

(2)

9b. Critical Values of the F Distribution (α = 0.025)

732

(2)

9c. Critical Values of the F Distribution (α = 0.01)

734

(2)

10. Confidence Belts for the Correlation Coefficient, 1-α = 0.95

736

(1)

11. Critical Values of r When p = 0

737

(1)

12. Critical Values of the Sign Test

738

(1)

13. Critical Values of U in the Mann-Whitney Test

739

(1)

14. Critical Values for Total Number of Runs (V)

740

(1)

15. Critical Values of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

741

Answers to Selected Exercises

(1)

Answers to Practice Tests

A42

(1)

Computer and Calculator Instructions

(1)

Index

(1)

Credits

(1)

Formula Card

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Elementary Statistics

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials