Elements and Principles of 4d Art and Design

Elements and Principles of 4D Art and Design is a core text for 4D foundational studies, offering students an accessible and hands-on introduction to the new elements and principles of time-based art. Suitable for both majors and non-majors, the book begins by reviewing basic aesthetic concepts and the principles and elements of 2- and 3D design to help students make connections between more familiar art forms and the new world of 4D design. Through a range of exercises and activities, students will hone improvisation, brainstorming, and critical thinking skills while gaining experience in a range of technologies related to 4D design such as simple video and audio recording and editing.

Visit www.oup.com/us/mueller for additional material, including:
- Interviews, videos, and audio files for a selection of examples cited throughout the text
- Links and suggestions for online technical resources related to DSLR camera use, video editing, audio recording and editing, and stop-motion animation
- Links to additional resources on artists and art for more in-depth learning

Ellen Mueller is Assistant Professor and Chair of the Art Department at West Virginia Wesleyan College.

List of Figures
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction

Chapter 1 - Components of an Artwork
Subject
Finding a Subject
Anna Anthropy's Dys4ia
--Interview: Anna Anthropy
Form
Medium
Analyzing Form
Craft
Gestalt Theory
Context
Privilege
Context and Place
Context and Art History
Changing Context
--Interview: Melati Suryodarmo
--Interview: Nancy Paterson
Obscuring Context
Context and Ownership
Point of View
--Interview: Jeremy Chandler and Shawn Cheatham
The Importance of Context
Content
Physical Content
Emotional Content
Intellectual Content
--Interview: Allora and Calzadilla
Content in Socially Engaged Art
Identifying Subject, Form, Context, and Content
A Generative Artwork
Eleanor Antin's Short Film, Love's Shadow (1986)
--Interview: Eleanor Antin
Daniel Sousa's Animated Film Feral (2013)
Summary
Key Terms

Chapter 2 - Getting Started
Brainstorming and Serious Play
Research
Narrative
Critique
Critique Cheat Sheet
Game Theories as Inspiration for Creativity
LeBlanc's The Taxonomy of Game Pleasures
Sutton-Smith's The Ambiguity of Play
A Selection of Organizing Concepts and Techniques
Concepts
Techniques/Approaches/Media
Summary
Key Terms

Chapter 3 - Elements from 2D and 3D Art and Design
Shape
Shape in Architecture
--Interview: Shana Moulton
Topography
--Interview: Tyler Glaiel
Movement
--Interview: Santiago Echevarry
Shape Defining Space
--Interview: Luftwerk
Space
The Base Plane
The Rule of Thirds
Positive and Negative Space
--Interview: Joelle Dietrick
Using Sound to Define Space
Using Light to Define Space
Color
Primary and Secondary Colors
White Light
Relative Color
Color Schemes
--Interview: Rachel Maclean
Changing Color over Time
Summary
Key Terms

Chapter 4 - Principles from 2D and 3D Art and Design
Value/Brightness
--Interview: Anthony Rowe of Squidsoup
Scale of Brightness
--Interview: Justin Lee Martin
--Interview: Ryan Austin of Sparksight
Balance
Visual Weight
Movement
Sound
Lighting
--Interview: Vitùc
Gaming
Contrast
Direction/Reflection
Movement
Light and Sound
--Interview: Steve Roden
Horizontal Orientation/Dutch Tilt
--Interview: Cesar Martinez
Architecture
Repetition
Series, Sequence, and Scene
--Interview: Jonathan Rattner
Loop
Ritual
Habituation
Rhythm
--Interview: Heidi Kumao
--Interview: Tapio Rosenius of Lighting Design Collective
Pattern
Scale
Relativity
--Interview: Siqi Song
Frame of Reference
Using Scale Effectively
--Interview: Hunter Jonakin
Summary
Key Terms

Chapter 5 - Elements of 4D Art and Design
Time
Categories of Time
--Interview: Melissa Haviland
Architecture/Topography
Architecture
Scale
--Interview: Cesar Cornejo
Sound
Relative Location
Movement
Topography
Light
Ambient versus Specific Light
Shadows, Projections, and Projection Mapping
Using Light and Shadow in Your Work
Dynamic Lighting
Three-point Lighting
Movement
--Interview: Sara Holwerda
--Interview: Channel Two
Gestures and Isolations
--Interview: Sarah Johnson
Movement in Film and Video
Sound
Characteristics and Parts of Sound
Categorizing Sounds
--Interview: Robert Wilson
--Interview: Annea Lockwood
Summary
Key Terms

Chapter 6 - Principles of 4D Art and Design
Causality
--Interview: Casey Scalf
Causality and Expectations
Causality and Narrative
--Interview: Tarn Adams
Causality and Sound
Duration
--Interview: Pippin Barr
Duration and Narrative
Duration and Media
Motivated Duration
Energy Dynamics
--Interview: Noelle Mason
Energy Dynamics and Contrast
--Interview: Kate Gilmore
--Interview: Stelarc
Interactivity
Interactivity via Text
Interactivity via Choice
Who, What, Where, Why, When, and How
Participant-Artists
--Interview: Ed Fornieles
--Interview: Craig D. Giffen
Categories of Interactivity
--Interview: Duane McDiarmid
--Interview: Mary Mattingly
--Interview: Alicia Eggert
Levels of Interactivity
Musicality
--Interview: Nikki Pike
Pitch
Volume
Rhythm, Timbre, Melody, and Harmonics
Simultaneity/Juxtaposition
--Interview: Elorza Joseba
--Interview: Cayla Skillin-Brauchle
Spatial Relationships
Organizing A Space
Spatial Relationships on Screens
Tempo/Speed
Transitions
Types of Transitions from Film Studies
Summary
Keywords

Appendix
Technical Tips
Equipment
Software
Processes
--Shooting Photographs
--Shooting Video
--Recording Audio
--Stop-Motion Animation
--Editing
--Motion Graphics
--Resolution and Raster/Vector Files

Glossary
Additional Resources
Notes
Index