Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR

, by Barnett, Richard H.; Cox, Sarah; O'Cull, Larry

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ISBN: 9781418039592 | 1418039594
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/5/2006

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Enter the world of embedded programming and microcontroller applications! One of the only books available today that uses the increasingly popular and cost-effective Atmel AVR embedded controller as the platform and application for learning, Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR, 2E is the perfect choice for novices. Featuring a host of fully-functional example applications, this highly innovative book enables users to adopt a "learn by doing" approach as they develop the knowledge and skills needed to achieve proficiency. Following an introduction to Atmel AVR RISC processors, readers are launched immediately into an embedded C language tutorial. Here, they'll experiment with variables and constants, operators and expressions, control statements, pointers and arrays, memory types, preprocessor directives, real-time methods, and more! In addition to a comprehensive library functions reference, an entire chapter on the CodeVision AVR C Compiler provides clear, step-by-step instruction in IDE installation and operation, mixing Assembler with C, and using the Code Wizard Code Generator. Use of peripherals - such as keypads, LCD displays, and other common embedded microcontroller-related devices - is also explored fully in this all-inclusive, state-of-the-art programmer's how-to and reference manual.

Preface

xiii

Introduction

xxi

Embedded C Language Tutorial

Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Beginning Concepts

(2)

Variables and Constants

(7)

Variable Types

(1)

Variable Scope

(1)

Local Variables

(1)

Global Variables

(1)

Constants

(1)

Numeric Constants

(1)

Character Constants

(1)

Enumerations and Definitions

(2)

Storage Classes

(1)

Automatic

(1)

Static

(1)

Type Casting

(2)

I/O Operations

(1)

Operators and Expressions

(7)

Assignment and Arithmetic Operators

(1)

Bitwise Operators

(1)

Logical and Relational Operators

(1)

Logical Operators

(1)

Relational Operators

(1)

Increment, Decrement, and Compound Assignment

(1)

Increment Operators

(1)

Decrement Operators

(1)

Compound Assignment Operators

(1)

The Conditional Expression

(1)

Operator Precedence

(1)

Control Statements

(14)

While Loop

(2)

Do/While Loop

(1)

For Loop

(1)

If/Else

(1)

If Statement

(1)

If/Else Statement

(3)

Conditional Expression

(1)

Switch/Case

(2)

Break, Continue, and Goto

(1)

Break

(1)

Continue

(1)

Goto

(4)

Functions

(8)

Prototyping and Function Organization

(2)

Functions that Return Values

(1)

Recursion

(4)

Pointers and Arrays

(13)

Pointers

(4)

Arrays

(2)

Multidimensional Arrays

(2)

Pointers to Functions

(5)

Structures and Unions

(9)

Structures

(2)

Arrays of Structures

(1)

Pointers to Structures

(1)

Unions

(2)

Typedef Operator

(1)

Bits and Bitfields

(1)

Sizeof Operator

(1)

Memory Types

(6)

Constants and Variables

(2)

Pointers

(1)

sfrb and sfrw

(3)

Real-Time Methods

(11)

Using Interrupts

(3)

Real-Time Executives

(3)

State Machines

(5)

Programming Style, Standards, and Guidelines

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Laboratory Activities

(4)

The Atmel Risc Processors

Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Architectural Overview

(1)

Memory

(8)

Flash Code Memory

(1)

Data Memory

(1)

Registers

(1)

I/O Registers

(2)

SRAM

(2)

EEPROM Memory

(3)

Reset and Interrupt Functions

(8)

Interrupts

(3)

Reset

101

(1)

Watchdog Timer and Reset

102

(3)

Parallel I/O Ports

105

(4)

Timer/Counters

109

(23)

Timer/Counter Prescalers and Input Selectors

110

(1)

Timer 0

110

(4)

Timer 1

114

(1)

Timer 1 Prescaler and Selector

115

(1)

Timer 1 Input Capture Mode

115

(4)

Timer 1 Output Compare Mode

119

(4)

Timer 1 Pulse Width Modulator Mode

123

(5)

Timer 2

128

(1)

One--second recording interval using Timer 0

129

(1)

Engine rpm measurement using Timer 1

130

(1)

Drive shaft rpm measurement using Timer 1

131

(1)

Serial Communication Using the Usart

132

(9)

Analog Interfaces

141

(10)

Analog-to-Digital Background

141

(1)

Analog-to-Digital Converter Peripheral

142

(4)

Analog Comparator Peripheral

146

(3)

Measuring engine temperature using the analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

149

(1)

Sending collected data to the PC

150

(1)

Serial Communication Using the SPI

151

(7)

Serial Communication Using I2C

158

(2)

The AVR Risc Assembly Language Instruction Set

160

(3)

Chapter Summary

163

(4)

Exercises

167

(1)

Laboratory Activities

168

(3)

Standard I/O and Preprocessor Functions

Objectives

171

(1)

Introduction

171

(1)

Character Input/Output Functions -- getchar() and putchar()

172

(6)

Standard Output Functions

178

(5)

Put String---puts()

178

(1)

Put String Flash---putsf()

179

(1)

Print Formatted---printf()

180

(2)

String Print Formatted---sprintf()

182

(1)

Standard Input Functions

183

(5)

Get String---gets()

184

(1)

Scan Formatted---scanf()

185

(2)

Scan String Formatted---sscanf()

187

(1)

Preprocessor Directives

188

(13)

The #include Directive

188

(1)

The #define Directive

189

(2)

The #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, and #endif Directives

191

(5)

The #pragma Directive

196

(1)

#pragma warn

197

(1)

#pragma opt

197

(1)

#pragma optsize

197

(1)

#pragma savereg

198

(1)

#pragma regalloc

199

(1)

#pragma promotechar

199

(1)

#pragma uchar

199

(1)

#pragma library

200

(1)

Other Macros and Directives

200

(1)

Chapter Summary

201

(1)

Exercises

202

(1)

Laboratory Activities

202

(3)

The Codevisionavr C Compiler and IDE

Objectives

205

(1)

Introduction

205

(1)

IDE Operation

206

(10)

Projects

206

(1)

Open Existing Projects

206

(1)

Create New Projects

207

(1)

Configure Projects

208

(1)

Close Project

209

(1)

Source Files

209

(1)

Open an Existing Source File

209

(1)

Create a New Source File

209

(1)

Add an Existing File to the Project

209

(2)

Edit Files

211

(3)

Print Files

214

(1)

The File Navigator

214

(2)

C Compiler Options

216

(4)

Memory Model

217

(1)

Optimize For

218

(1)

Optimization Level

218

(1)

Program Type

218

(1)

(s)printf Features and (s)scanf Features

218

(1)

SRAM

219

(1)

Compilation

219

(1)

Messages Tab

220

(1)

Compile and Make Projects

220

(2)

Compile a Project

220

(1)

Make a Project

221

(1)

Program the Target Device

222

(7)

Chip

223

(1)

Flash and EEPROM

224

(2)

Flash Lock Bits

226

(1)

Fuse Bits

226

(1)

Boot Lock Bit 0 and Boot Lock Bit 1

226

(1)

Signature

226

(1)

Chip Erase

227

(1)

Programming Speed

227

(1)

Program All

227

(1)

Other Programmers

228

(1)

Codewizardavr Code Generator

229

(18)

Chip Tab

232

(1)

Ports Tab

233

(1)

External IRQ Tab

234

(1)

Timers Tab

235

(1)

USART Tab

236

(1)

ADC Tab

237

(1)

Project Information Tab

238

(1)

Generate Source Code

239

(8)

Terminal Tool

247

(2)

The ATMEL AVR Studio Debugger

249

(4)

Create a COFF File for AVR Studio

250

(1)

Launch AVR Studio from CodeVisionAVR

250

(1)

Open a File for Debug

250

(1)

Start, Stop, and Step

250

(1)

Set and Clear Breakpoints

251

(1)

View and Modify Registers and Variables

252

(1)

View and Modify the Machine State

252

(1)

Chapter Summary

253

(1)

Exercises

253

(2)

Laboratory Activities

255

(2)

Project Development

Objectives

257

(1)

Introduction

257

(1)

Concept Development Phase

257

(1)

Project Development Process Steps

257

(6)

Definition Phase

258

(2)

Design Phase

260

(1)

Test Definition Phase

261

(1)

Build and Test the Prototype Hardware Phase

262

(1)

System Integration and Software Development Phase

262

(1)

System Test Phase

263

(1)

Celebration Phase

263

(1)

Project Development Process Summary

263

(1)

Example Project: A Weather Monitor

263

(86)

Concept Phase

263

(1)

Definition Phase

264

(2)

Electrical Specification

266

(1)

Operational Specification

266

(1)

Basic Block Diagrams

267

(2)

Measurement Considerations for the Design

269

(1)

Temperature

270

(2)

Barometric Pressure

272

(1)

Humidity

273

(1)

Wind Speed

274

(3)

Wind Direction

277

(1)

Rainfall

278

(3)

Dew Point Computation

281

(1)

Wind Chill Computation

282

(1)

Battery Health

283

(1)

Real Time

283

(1)

Hardware Design, Outdoor Unit

284

(1)

Wind Speed Input

284

(2)

Rain Gauge Input

286

(1)

900 MHz Transmitter

286

(1)

Power Supply

286

(1)

Software Design, Outdoor Unit

286

(1)

Hardware Design, Indoor Unit

287

(1)

900 MHz Receiver

287

(3)

Power Supply

290

(1)

Software Design, Indoor Unit

290

(2)

Test Definition Phase

292

(1)

Wind Direction

293

(1)

Wind Speed

293

(1)

Rain Gauge

293

(1)

Air Temperature

293

(1)

Barometric Pressure

294

(1)

Relative Humidity

294

(1)

System Test for Complete Project

294

(1)

Build and Test Prototype Hardware Phase

294

(1)

Outdoor Unit Checkout

295

(2)

Indoor Unit Checkout

297

(4)

System Integration and Software Development Phase, Outdoor Unit

301

(4)

Temperature, Humidity, Wind Direction, and Battery Health

305

(1)

Rainfall

305

(1)

Wind Speed

306

(1)

RF Telemetry

306

(6)

System Integration and Software Development Phase, Indoor Unit

312

(1)

Keeping Time

312

(2)

Low-Battery Indication

314

(2)

The Buttons and the Beeper

316

(2)

Decoding the RF Telemetry

318

(3)

Collecting and Protecting Rainfall Data

321

(3)

Converting from Counts to Real Units

324

(1)

Routines for Controlling the LCD

325

(6)

Keeping the Display Up to Date

331

(4)

Editing the Time and Date

335

(4)

System Test Phase

339

(4)

Changing It Up

343

(1)

Picking a Part for a Better Fit

343

(1)

Changes to the Schematic

344

(1)

Changes to I/O Mapping

344

(4)

Other Considerations

348

(1)

Challenges

349

(1)

Chapter Summary

350

(1)

Exercises

350

(1)

Laboratory Activity

351

(2)

Appendix A Library Functions Reference

353

(100)

Appendix B Getting Started with Codevisionavr and the STK500

453

(18)

Appendix C Programming the AVR Microcontrollers

471

(4)

Appendix D Installing and Using TheCableAVR

475

(14)

Appendix E The MEGAAVR-DEV Development Board

489

(4)

Appendix F ASCII Table

493

(4)

Appendix G AVR Instruction Set Summary

497

(6)

Appendix H Answers to Selected Exercises

503

(6)

Appendix I A ``Fast Start'' to Embedded C Programming and the AVR

509

(10)

Index

519

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Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials