Emerging Carbon-based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications

The book is a comprehensive deep-dive into the developments and advancements of emerging carbon-based nanocomposites for wastewater applications.

Science and technology development are tackling one of the world's most pressing concerns—water contamination and effective treatment. Carbon-based nanocomposites have emerged as one of the leading materials in this treatment push because of their properties and high ability for the catalytic degradation of contaminants from aqueous segments.

The 10 chapters in this timely book cover the follows areas:

• Carbon-based nanocomposites for remediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants from wastewater
• Functional green carbon nanocomposites for heavy-metal treatment in water
• Green nanocomposites and applications in environmentally-friendly carbon nanomaterials
• Carbon-based nanocomposites as heterogeneous catalysts for organic reactions in environment-friendly solvents
• Carbon-based polymer nanocomposite applications
• Biochar-based adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from aqueous systems
• Carbon nanomaterial-based green nanocomposites
• The removal of trihalomethanes from water using nanofiltration membranes
• Nanocomposite materials as electrode materials in microbial fuel cells for the removal of water pollutants
• Plasmonic smart nanosensors for the determination of environmental pollutants.

Ajay Kumar Mishra is a full Professor at the Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit at College of Science, Engineering & Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, South Africa. He received his PhD in 2007 from the University of Delhi, India. He also Adjunct Professor at Jiangsu University, China. He has authored more than 100 scientific papers and edited several books including three books on water and nanotechnology with Wiley-Scrivener. His research interests include synthesis of multifunctional nanomaterials, nanocomposites, biopolymer and/or petrochemical-based biodegradable polymers, polymers-based materials/composites, smart materials, CNT and graphene-based composite materials and water research.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain PhD is an Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor and Lab Director in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology & advanced materials in environment, analytical chemistry and various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as prolific author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

Shivani B. Mishra received her PhD degree in Chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India and pursued her postdoctoral research at the University of Free State, CSIR and University of Johannesburg. She is currently working as Professor at the Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, University of South Africa. Her research interests include materials science, nanotechnology and its applications. She has contributed many research articles in national and international accredited journals as well as authored several books.

Preface xi

1 Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Remediation of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants from Wastewater 1
Prasenjit Kar, Pratyush Jain, Raju Kumar Gupta and Kumud Malika Tripathi

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Graphene Oxide 5

1.2.1 GO and GO-Nanocomposite for Water Remediation via Adsorption 6

1.3 Carbon Nanotube 15

1.3.1 CNTs as Adsorbent 16

1.4 Conclusion 19

Acknowledgements 20

References 20

2 Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Treatment in Water: Advance Removal Techniques and Practices 31
Sandip Mandal, Sangeeta Adhikari, Pu Shengyan, Ajay Kumar Mishra and R.K Patel

2.1 Introduction 32

2.2 Water Contamination by Heavy Metals 33

2.3 Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites 34

2.4 Advanced Removal Techniques in Water 36

2.4.1 Sedimentation 36

2.4.2 Chemical Coagulation/Flocculation 38

2.4.3 Chemical Oxidation/Reduction 39

2.4.4 Ion-Exchange Process 40

2.4.5 Adsorption 42

2.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 48

References 48

3 Green Nanocomposites: Advances and Applications in Environmentally Friendly Carbon Nanomaterials 55
Naveen Bunekar and Tsung Yen Tsai

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Nanocomposites and their Processing Methods 57

3.3 Structures of Carbon Materials 58

3.4 Polymer/Carbon-Based Nanocomposite 58

3.5 Removal of Chemical Contaminants 60

3.6 Energy Sector 63

3.7 Gas Sensors 64

3.8 Conclusion and Outlook 65

Acknowledgment 65

References 65

4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Organic Reactions in Environment Friendly Solvents 71
Priyanka Choudhary, Ajay Kumar, Ashish Bahuguna and Venkata Krishnan

4.1 Introduction 72

4.2 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Coupling Reactions 74

4.2.1 C-C Coupling 74

4.2.2 C-N Coupling 77

4.3 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Oxidation Reactions 80

4.3.1 Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes/Ketones/Acids 80

4.3.2 Oxidation of Amines to Imines 85

4.3.3 Oxidation of Other Functional Groups 85

4.4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Reduction Reactions 90

4.4.1 Reduction of Nitro Compounds 90

4.4.2 CO₂ Reduction 94

4.4.3 Hydrogenation Reactions 97

4.5 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Other Organic Transformation Reactions 100

4.5.1 Aza-Michael Addition 100

4.5.2 Tandem Reaction 108

4.5.3 Esterification Reaction 108

4.5.4 Synthesis of Amides From Alcohols 110

4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 113

References 114

5 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite and Environmental Perspective 121
Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

5.1 Introduction 122

5.2 The Vision of the Study 122

5.3 The Vast Scientific Doctrine of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 123

5.4 Environmental Sustainability and the Vision for the Future 124

5.5 Environmental Protection, the Scientific Ingenuity, and the Visionary Future 124

5.6 Recent Advances in the Field of Nanocomposites 125

5.7 Recent Advances in the Field of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites and Environmental Pollution Control 129

5.8 Carbon-Based Polymer Nano-Composites for Adsorbent Applications 133

5.9 Carbon-Based Polymer Nano-Composites as Anti-Microbial Agents and Membranes 135

5.10 Applications of Carbon Nanocomposites in Removal of Hazardous Organic Substances 136

5.11 Water Purification, Groundwater Remediation, and the Future of Science 137

5.12 Arsenic and Heavy Metal Groundwater Remediation and Composite Science 138

5.13 Integrated Water Resource Management, Human Factor Engineering, and Nanotechnology—A Definite Vision 138

5.14 Technology Management, Environmental Protection, and Water Resource Management 139

5.15 Future of Nanocomposite Applications and Future Research Trends 140

5.16 Conclusion, Summary, and Vast Scientific Perspectives 141

References 142

Important Websites for Reference 144

6 Biochar-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Systems 147
Nhamo Chaukura, Thato M Masilompane, Willis Gwenzi and Ajay K. Mishra

6.1 Introduction 148

6.2 Biosorbents 149

6.2.1 Raw Biomass 150

6.2.2 Activated/Synthetic Biomaterials 152

6.3 Biochar Production Techniques 155

6.4 Application of Biosorbents for the Sequestration of Selected Organic Pollutants 156

6.4.1 Sequestration of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Pharmaceuticals 156

6.4.2 Removal of Dyes 157

6.4.3 Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 157

6.5 Removal Mechanisms 163

6.6 Challenges Associated With Biochar Technology 164

6.7 Conclusion 164

6.8 Future Scenario 165

References 165

7 Advances in Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Green Nanocomposites 175
Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh

7.1 Introduction 175

7.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Green Nanocomposites 176

7.2.1 CNT-Filled Green Nanocomposites 176

7.2.2 Graphene and Its Derivative Filler-Based Nanocomposites 177

7.2.3 Nanodiamond-Filled Green Nanocomposite 177

7.3 Methods of Processing for Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 178

7.3.1 Melt Intercalation 178

7.3.2 Exfoliation Adsorption 178

7.3.3 Emulsion Polymerization 178

7.3.4 In Situ Polymerization 178

7.3.5 Template Synthesis (Sol-Gel Technology) 178

7.3.6 Green Methods 179

7.4 Unique Properties of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites 179

7.4.1 Size and Structure 179

7.4.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 180

7.4.3 Electrical Properties 182

7.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites 182

7.5.1 Wastewater Treatment 183

7.5.2 Packaging and Coating 184

7.5.3 Sensing and Detection 185

7.5.4 As Catalyst 186

7.5.5 Biomedical Applications 187

7.5.6 Miscellaneous 188

7.6 Future Prospects 188

7.7 Conclusions 189

References 190

8 Removal of Trihalomethanes from Water Using Nanofiltration Membranes 203
Feyisayo Victoria Adams and Peter Apata Olubambi

8.1 Introduction 204

8.2 Factors Influencing the Removal of THMs From Water 204

8.2.1 Effects of Other Contaminants on Formation and Removal of THMs 205

8.2.2 Effects of Transmembrane Pressures, Fluxes, and Feed Concentrations 206

8.2.3 Effect of THMs Adsorption on Rejection 206

8.2.4 Effect of Membrane Materials 207

8.3 Summary and Outlook 208

References 209

9 Nanocomposite Materials as Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells for the Removal of Water Pollutants 213
Akil Ahmad, Asma Khatoon, Mohammad Faisal Umar, Syed Zaghum Abbas and Mohd Rafatullah

9.1 Introduction 213

9.2 Microbial Fuel Cells: An Emerging Wastewater Treatment and Power Technology 215

9.3 Pollutants Removal Using MFCs System 215

9.3.1 Metal Removal Using MFCs System 216

9.3.2 Organic Pollutants Using MFCs System 224

9.4 Conclusion and Outlook 227

Acknowledgement 228

References 228

10 Plasmonic Smart Nanosensors for the Determination of Environmental Pollutants 237
Yeşeren Saylan, Fatma Yılmaz, Erdoğan Özgür, Ali Derazshamshir and Adil Denizli

10.1 Introduction 238

10.2 Principle of Plasmonic Nanosensors 239

10.3 Applications of Plasmonic Nanomaterials in Sensing 241

10.3.1 Recognition Molecules 242

10.3.1.1 Enzymes 242

10.3.1.2 Antibodies 243

10.3.1.3 Aptamers 243

10.3.1.4 DNAzymes 246

10.3.1.5 Whole Cells 246

10.3.2 Quantum Dots 248

10.3.3 Gold Nanoparticles 249

10.3.4 Graphene and Graphene Oxide 253

10.4 Plasmonic Nanosensors 254

10.4.1 Evanescent Wave Fiber Nanosensors 254

10.4.2 SPR Nanosensors 255

10.4.3 SERS and LSPR-Based Optical Nanosensors 261

10.5 Plasmonic Nanosensors for Pollution Control and Early Warning 264

10.6 Conclusion, Key Trends and Perspectives 265

References 266

Index 281

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