Emotion Explained

What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions? Why do emotional states feel like something? This book seeks explanations of emotion by considering these questions. Emotion continues to be a topic of enormous scientific interest.Emotion Explaineddescribes the nature, functions, and brain mechanisms that underlie both emotion and motivation. However it goes beyond examining brain mechanisms of emotion, by proposing a theory of what emotions are, and an evolutionary, Darwinian, theory of the adaptive value of emotion. It also shows that there is a clear relationship between motivation and emotion. The book also examines how cognitive states can modulate emotions, and in turn, how emotions can influence cognitive states. It considers the role of sexual selection in the evolution of affective behavior. It also examines emotion and decision making, with links to the burgeoning field of neuroeconomics. The book is also unique in considering emotion at several levels- the neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, behavioral, and computational neuroscience levels.

Edmund T. Rolls is Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He read preclinical medicine at the University of Cambridge, and now performs research in neuroscience at Oxford. His research links neurophysiological and computational neuroscience approaches to human functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in order to provide a fundamental basis for understanding human brain function and its disorders. He is author of The Brain and Emotion (1999, Oxford University Press), with A.Treves of Neural Networks and Brain Function (1998, Oxford University Press), and with G.Deco of Computational Neuroscience of Vision (2002, Oxford University Press).

Introduction: the issues
Introduction
Rewards and punishers
Approaches to emotion and motivation
Outline
The nature of emotion
Introduction
A theory of emotion
Different emotions
Refinements of the theory of emotion
The classification of emotion
Other theories of emotion
Individual differences in emotion, personality and emotional intelligence
Cognition and emotion
Emotion, motivation, reward and mood
The concept of emotion
Advantages of the approach
The functions of emotion: reward, punishment and emotion in brain design
Introduction
Brain design and the functions of emotion
Selection of behaviour: cost-benefit 'analysis'
Further functions of emotion
The functions of emotion in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context
The functions of motivation in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context
Are all goals for action gene-specified?
The brain mechanisms underlying emotion
Introduction
Overview
Representations of primary reinforcers
Representing potential secondary reinforcers
The orbitofrontal cortex
The amygdala
The cingulate cortex
Human brain imaging investigations of mood and depression
Output pathways for emotional responses
Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory
Laterality effects in human emotional processing
Summary
Hunger
Introduction
Peripheral signals for hunger and satiety
The control signals for hunger and satiety
The brain control of eating and reward
Obesity, bulimia and anorexia
Conclusions on reward, affective responses to food, and the control ofappetite
Thirst
Introduction
Cellular stimuli for drinking
Extracellular thirst stimuli
Control of normal drinking
Reward and satiety signals for drinking
Summary
Brain-stimulation reward
Introduction
The nature of the reward produced
The location of brain-stimulation reward sites in the brain
The effects of brain lesions on intracranial self-stimulation
The neurophysiology of reward
Some of the properties of brain-stimulation reward
Stimulus-bound motivational behaviour
Conclusions
Apostasis
Pharmacology of emotion, reward and addiction; the basal ganglia
Introduction
The noradrenergic hypothesis
Dopamine and reward
The basal ganglia
Opiate reward systems, analgesia, and food reward
Pharmacology of depression in relation to brain systems involved in emotion
Pharmacology of anxiety in relation to brain systems involved in emotion
Cannabinoids
Overview of behavioural selection and output systems involved in emotion
Sexual behaviour, reward and brain function; sexual selection of behaviour
Introduction
Mate selection, attractiveness and love
Parental attachment, care and parent-offspring conflict
Sperm competition
Concealed ovulation and its consequences for sexual behaviour
Sexual selection of sexual and non-sexual behaviour
Individual differences in sexual rewards
The neural reward mechanisms that might mediate some aspects of sexualbehaviour
Neural basis of sexual behaviour
Conclusion
Emotional feelings and consciousness: a theory of consciousness
Introduction
A theory of consciousness
Dual routes to action
Representations
Discussion
Conclusions and comparisons
Conclusions and broader issues
Conclusions
Decision-making
Emotion and ethics
Emotion and literature
Close
Neural networks and emotion-related learning
Reward reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex - a model
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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials