The Empire of the Raj Eastern Africa and the

British India, as a result of history, geopolitics and its unique status within the Empire, controlled a chain of overseas agencies that stretched from southern Persia to eastern Africa. This book examines how, as the relative importance of British interests steadily eclipsed those of India throughout the region, Indian sub-imperial impulses clashed with the relentlessly advancing metropole.

Robert J. Blyth Curator, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

Acknowledgements

ix

The Empire of the Raj: The Definition, Delineation and Dynamics of the Indian Sphere

1

(14)

Overview: patterns and processes

2

(6)

Approach: problems and perspectives

8

(7)

Part I The Indian Sphere Before 1914

`A Glacis of Varying Breadth and Dimension': Persia and the Persian Gulf, c. 1850--1914

15

(23)

The interface of East and West: control of the Tehran mission to 1890

16

(9)

Problems of a dual system: the Imperial challenge, c. 1890--1914

25

(11)

Conclusion

36

(2)

`A Conflict of Directions': The British Indian Agency at Zanzibar, c. 1856--1883

38

(27)

The Zanzibar connection before the death of Said ibn Sultan

39

(2)

Questioning Indian political control at Zanzibar, c. 1856--70

41

(7)

Crisis at Zanzibar: Bombay and the perils of political control, 1870--73

48

(7)

Finance and the transfer of Zanzibar, c. 1870--83

55

(8)

Conclusion

63

(2)

`He Who Pays the Piper Calls the Tune': Aden and Somaliland, c. 1869--1914

65

(28)

External challenges, strategic reassessments, and consolidation, 1869--90

66

(9)

Local and Imperial dilemmas: the Somaliland Protectorate in the 1890s

75

(9)

Curzon and the Aden question

84

(4)

Conclusion

88

(5)

Part II The Indian Sphere, 1914--1937

`A Colony for India': The Struggle for East Africa, c. 1914--1924

93

(39)

The East Africa campaign and the idea of an Indian colony, 1914--18

96

(8)

Debate in Whitehall, East Africa and India, 1918--19

104

(8)

Mandate or settlement scheme? India and Tanganyika, 1919--21

112

(7)

Losing all round: India and the Kenyan crisis, 1919--c. 1923

119

(10)

Conclusion

129

(3)

`Basrah is as Near to Delhi as Rangoon': Realigning the Middle East, 1914--c. 1921

132

(38)

`A colony for India and Indians': Mesopotamia, 1914--15

133

(12)

Challenging the Indian sphere, 1916--17

145

(10)

Confusion and compromise: Mesopotamia and beyond, 1917--21

155

(12)

Conclusion

167

(3)

`When One Comes to Details, Difficulties Bristle': The Aden Transfer, c. 1917--1937

170

(31)

Opportunity and frustration, c. 1917--21

171

(12)

Accepting the status quo: the debate on compromise, 1922--28

183

(6)

Achieving the transfer, 1928--37

189

(8)

Conclusion

197

(4)

Part III The End of the Indian Sphere

`A Sort of Gilded Parochialism': Conclusions and Postscript

201

(13)

Conclusions

201

(2)

Postscript: India and the Persian Gulf, c. 1928--48

203

(11)

Notes

214

(35)

Bibliography

249

(13)

Index

262

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The Empire of the Raj Eastern Africa and the Middle East, 1858-1947

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