Enabling 5g Communication Systems to Support Vertical Industries

How 5G technology can support the demands of multiple vertical industries

Recent advances in technologyhave created new vertical industries that are highly dependent on the availability and reliability of data between multiple locations. The 5G system, unlike previous generations, will be entirely data driven—addressing latency, resilience, connection density, coverage area, and other vertical industry criteria. Enabling 5G Communication Systems to Support Vertical Industries demonstrates how 5G communication systems can meet the needs unique to vertical industries for efficient, cost-effective delivery of service. Covering both theory and practice, this book explores solutions to problems in specific industrial sectors including smart transportation, smart agriculture, smart grid, environmental monitoring, and disaster management. 

The 5G communication system will have to provide customized solutions to accommodate each vertical industry’s specific requirements. Whether an industry practitioner designingthe next generation of wireless communications or a researcher needing to identify open issues and classify their research, this timely book:

• Covers the much-discussed topics of supporting multiple vertical industries and new ICT challenges
• Addresses emerging issues and real-world problems surrounding 5G technology in wireless communication and networking
• Explores a comprehensive array of essential topics such as connected health, smart transport, smart manufacturing, and more
• Presents important topics in a clear, concise style suitable for new learners and professionals alike
• Includes contributions from experts and industry leaders, system diagrams, charts, tables, and examples

Enabling 5G Communication Systems to Support Vertical Industries is a valuable resource telecom engineers industry professionals, researchers, professors, doctorate, and postgraduate students requiring up-to-date information on supporting vertical industries with 5G technology systems.

MUHAMMAD ALI IMRAN is the Vice Dean of Glasgow College UESTC and Professor of Communication Systems in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is a senior member of IEEE, a Fellow of IET, and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, UK.

YUSUF ABDULRAHMAN SAMBO is a Research Associate in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is also the University of Glasgow 5G Self-Organised Network (5GSON) testbed lead. Dr. Sambo is an IEEE member.

QAMMER H. ABBASI is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK, and Visiting Assistant Professor with Queen Mary University of London, UK. Dr. Abbasi is an IEEE senior member and URSI Young Scientist Award winner. He is Associate editor for the IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, IEEE Access and the Journal of Applied Electromagnetics.

About the Editors xi

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xvii

1 Enabling the Verticals of 5G: Network Architecture, Design and Service Optimization 1
Andy Sutton

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Use Cases 3

1.3 5G Network Architecture 4

1.4 RAN Functional Decomposition 7

1.5 Designing a 5G Network 9

1.6 Network Latency 11

1.7 5G Network Architecture Design 13

1.8 Summary 20

Acknowledgements 21

References 21

2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks and 5G Connected Industries 23
Mohsin Raza, Sajjad Hussain, Nauman Aslam, Hoa Le-Minh and Huan X. Nguyen

2.1 Overview 23

2.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 24

2.2.1 Wired and Wireless Networks in Industrial Environment 24

2.2.2 Transformation of WSNs for Industrial Applications 24

2.2.3 IWSN Architecture 25

2.3 Industrial Traffic Types and its Critical Nature 28

2.3.1 Safety/Emergency Traffic 28

2.3.2 Critical Control Traffic 28

2.3.3 Low-Risk Control Traffic 28

2.3.4 Periodic Monitoring Traffic 28

2.3.5 Critical Nature and Time Deadlines 29

2.4 Existing Works and Standards 30

2.4.1 Wireless Technologies 30

2.4.2 Industry-Related IEEE Standards 31

2.4.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4 31

2.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4e 32

2.5 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) in IWSNS 33

2.6 Summary 37

References 37

3 Haptic Networking Supporting Vertical Industries 41
Luis Sequeira, Konstantinos Antona koglou, Maliheh Mahlouji and Toktam Mahmoodi

3.1 Tactile Internet Use Cases and Requirements 41

3.1.1 Quality of Service 42

3.1.2 Use Cases and Requirements 43

3.2 Teleoperation Systems 45

3.2.1 Classification of Teleoperation Systems 45

3.2.2 Haptic Control and Data Reduction 46

3.2.2.1 Performance of Teleoperation Control Schemes 48

3.2.2.2 Haptic Data Reduction 59

3.2.2.3 Kinesthetic Data Reduction 59

3.2.2.4 Tactile Data Reduction 62

3.2.3 Combining Control Schemes and Data Reduction 63

Acknowledgment 64

References 64

4 5G-Enhanced Smart Grid Services 75
Muhammad Ismail, Islam Safak Bayram, Khalid Qaraqe and Erchin Serpedin

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Smart Grid Services and Communication Requirements 78

4.2.1 Smart Grid Fundamentals 78

4.2.1.1 Data Collection and Management Services 78

4.2.1.2 Control and Operation Services 81

4.2.2 Communication Requirements for Smart Grid Services 87

4.3 Smart Grid Services Supported by 5G Networks 90

4.3.1 Data Collection and Management Services 90

4.3.1.1 Data Collection Services 91

4.3.1.2 Data Management Services 95

4.3.2 Operation Decision-Making Services 96

4.3.2.1 Demand Side Management Services 96

4.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Services 98

4.4 Summary and Future Research 99

Acknowledgment 100

References 100

5 Evolution of Vehicular Communications within the Context of 5G Systems 103
Kostas Katsaros and Mehrdad Dianati

5.1 Introduction 103

5.2 Vehicular Connectivity 104

5.2.1 Cellular V2X 105

5.2.1.1 Release 14 – First C-V2X Services 105

5.2.1.2 Release 15 – First Taste of 5G 108

5.2.1.3 Release 16 – Fully-Fledged 5G 108

5.2.2 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) 110

5.2.2.1 Co-Existence 110

5.2.3 Advanced Technologies 111

5.2.3.1 Multi-Access Edge Computing 111

5.2.3.2 Network Slicing 113

5.3 Data Dissemination 114

5.3.1 Context-Aware Middleware 114

5.3.2 Heterogeneity and Interoperability 116

5.3.3 Higher Layer Communication Protocols 118

5.4 Towards Connected Autonomous Driving 121

5.4.1 Phase 1 – Awareness Driving Applications 122

5.4.2 Phase 2 – Collective Perception 122

5.4.3 Phase 3/4 – Trajectory/Manoeuvre Sharing 123

5.4.4 Phase 5 – Full Autonomy 123

5.5 Conclusions 123

References 124

6 State-of-the-Art of Sparse Code Multiple Access for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Application 127
Yi Lu, Chong Han, Carsten Maple, Mehrdad Dianati and Alex Mouzakitis

6.1 Introduction 127

6.2 Sparse Code Multiple Access 130

6.3 State-of-the-Art 134

6.3.1 Codebook Design 134

6.3.2 Decoding/Detecting Techniques for SCMA 137

6.3.3 Other Research on Performance Evaluation of SCMA 138

6.4 Conclusion and Future Work 140

References 145

7 5G Communication Systems and Connected Healthcare 149
David Soldani and Matteo Innocenti

7.1 Introduction 149

7.2 Use Cases and Technical Requirements 151

7.2.1 Wireless Tele Surgery 151

7.2.2 Wireless Service Robots 151

7.3 5G communication System 154

7.3.1 3GPP Technology Roadmap 154

7.3.2 5G Spectrum 155

7.3.3 5G Reference Architecture 155

7.3.4 5G Security Aspects 161

7.3.5 5G Enabling Technologies 161

7.3.5.1 5G design for Low-Latency Transmission 162

7.3.5.2 5G design for Higher-Reliability Transmission 166

7.3.6 5G Deployment Scenarios 168

7.4 Value Chain, Business Model and Business Case Calculation 170

7.4.1 Market Uptake for Robotic Platforms 171

7.4.2 Business Model and Value Chain 171

7.4.3 Business case for Service Providers 171

7.4.3.1 Assumptions 172

7.4.3.2 Business Cases Calculation 172

7.5 Conclusions 174

References 175

8 5G: Disruption in Media and Entertainment 179
Stamos Katsigiannis, Wasim Ahmad and Naeem Ramzan

8.1 Multi-Channel Wireless Audio Systems for Live Production 179

8.2 Video 181

8.2.1 Video Compression Algorithms 181

8.2.1.1 HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding 181

8.2.1.2 VP9 182

8.2.1.3 AV1: AO Media Video 1 183

8.2.2 Streaming Protocols 183

8.2.2.1 Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) 183

8.2.2.2 Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) 184

8.2.3 Video Streaming Over Mobile Networks 184

8.3 Immersive Media 185

8.3.1 Virtual Reality (VR) 186

8.3.2 Augmented Reality (AR) 186

8.3.3 360-Degree Video 187

8.3.4 Immersive Media Streaming 188

References 189

9 Towards Realistic Modelling of Drone-based Cellular Network Coverage 191
Haneya Naeem Qureshi and Ali Imran

9.1 Overview of Existing Models for Drone-Based Cellular Network Coverage 192

9.2 Key Objectives and Organization of this Chapter 193

9.3 Motivation 194

9.4 System Model 194

9.5 UAV Coverage Model Development 196

9.5.1 Coverage Probability 196

9.5.2 Received Signal Strength 198

9.6 Trade-Offs between Coverage Radius, Beamwidth and Height 199

9.6.1 Coverage Radius Versus Beamwidth 199

9.6.2 Coverage Radius Versus Height 200

9.6.3 Height Versus Beamwidth 201

9.7 Impact of Altitude, Beamwidth and Radius on RSS 201

9.8 Analysis for Different Frequencies and Environments 203

9.9 Comparison of Altitude and Beamwidth to Control Coverage 204

9.10 Coverage Probability with Varying Tilt Angles and Asymmetric Beamwidths 206

9.11 Coverage Analysis with Multiple UAVs 207

9.12 Conclusion 211

Acknowledgment 211

References 211

Appendix A 213

10 Intelligent Positioning of UAVs for Future Cellular Networks 217
João Pedro Battistella Nadas, Paulo Valente Klaine, Rafaela de Paula Parisotto and Richard D. Souza

10.1 Introduction 217

10.2 Applications of UAVs in Cellular Networks 218

10.2.1 Coverage in Rural Areas 218

10.2.2 Communication for Internet of Things 218

10.2.3 Flying Fronthaul /Backhaul 219

10.2.4 Aerial Edge Caching 219

10.2.5 Pop-Up Networks 219

10.2.6 Emergency Communication Networks 220

10.3 Strategies for Positioning UAVs in Cellular Network 221

10.4 Reinforcement Learning 222

10.4.1 Q-Learning 222

10.5 Simulations 223

10.5.1 Urban Model 223

10.5.2 The UAVs 224

10.5.3 Path loss 225

10.5.4 Simulation Scenario 225

10.5.5 Proposed RL Implementation 226

10.5.5.1 Simulation Results 228

10.6 Conclusion 229

References 230

11 Integrating Public Safety Networks to 5G: Applications and Standards 233
Usman Raza, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Asghar, Imran Shafique Ansari and Fabrizio Granelli

11.1 Introduction 233

11.2 Public Safety Scenarios 235

11.2.1 In-Coverage Scenario 235

11.2.2 Out-of-Coverage Scenario 236

11.2.3 Partial-Coverage Scenario 236

11.3 Standardization Efforts 236

11.3.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project 237

11.3.1.1 Release 8 237

11.3.1.2 Release 9 237

11.3.1.3 Release 10 238

11.3.1.4 Release 11 238

11.3.1.5 Release 12 238

11.3.1.6 Release 13 240

11.3.1.7 Release 14 241

11.3.1.8 Release 15 241

11.3.2 Open Mobile Alliance 242

11.3.2.1 PTT over Cellular 242

11.3.2.2 Push to Communicate for Public Safety (PCPS) 242

11.3.3 Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions 242

11.3.3.1 Energy and Utility Sector 243

11.3.3.2 Building Alarm Systems 243

11.3.3.3 PS Communications with Emergency Centers 243

11.3.3.4 Smart City Solutions 243

11.3.4 APCO Global Alliance 244

11.3.5 Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) 244

11.4 Future Challenges and Enabling Technologies 245

11.4.1 Future challenges 246

11.4.1.1 Connectivity 246

11.4.1.2 Interoperability 246

11.4.1.3 Resource Scarceness 247

11.4.1.4 Security 247

11.4.1.5 Big Data 247

11.4.2 Enabling Technologies 248

11.4.2.1 Software-Defined Networking 248

11.4.2.2 Cognitive Radio Networks 248

11.4.2.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 248

11.5 Conclusion 248

References 249

12 Future Perspectives 253
Muhammad Ali Imran, Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo and Qammer H. Abbasi

12.1 Enabling Rural Connectivity 253

12.2 Key Technologies for the Design of beyond 5G Networks 254

12.2.1 Blockchain 254

12.2.2 Terahertz Communication 255

12.2.3 LiFi 255

12.2.4 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 256

Index 257

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