Energy Storage Systems in Electronics

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ISBN: 9789056991760 | 9056991760
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/30/2000

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This volume illustrates the technological advances made in recent years in the development of battery and other energy storage systems. Discussions of present and near future battery technologies are included as well as emerging energy technologies that have the potential to impact on the portable electronics industry in the long term. This text provides a complete overview of the technology status and trends, with a focus on scientific developments, particularly in materials, that have led to technological breakthroughs.

Preface to the Series

xvii

Preface

xix

Contributors

xxi

Editorial Board

xxiii

I. OVERVIEW

(44)

What Does the User Expect from Secondary Batteries Mounted in Portable Electronics?

(6)

Takeshi Akamatsu

Introduction

(1)

Portable Telephones and Batteries (Pursuing Both Price and Ease of Use)

(2)

Recent Advances

(1)

Future Trends

(1)

The Personal Computer and Batteries (Safety First Must be Complied with)

(1)

Many More Technical Problems to be Solved

(1)

Batteries for Pocketable Information Communication Electronics

(1)

User-Friendly Battery Systems (Reusable Batteries)

(2)

Selection by Price/Performance

(1)

Life-Forecasting is More Important than Long Cycle Life

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Resources and Environmental Conservation

(1)

High Energy Density Batteries for Portable Electronics

(36)

Nobuo Eda

Akira Ohta

Introduction

(1)

The Battery

(33)

General Features

(3)

Primary Batteries

(1)

Alkaline Manganese Batteries: High Performance Battery

(3)

Button Type Zinc-Air Batteries: Promising Battery

(2)

Lithium Batteries: High Energy Density Battery

(2)

Li/CFx Batteries

(2)

Li/MnO2 Batteries

(1)

Li/FeS2 Batteries

(2)

Secondary Batteries

(1)

Sealed Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries: Leading Rechargeable Battery

(5)

Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries: ``Green'' Battery

(6)

Li-Ion Batteries: Advanced Battery

(1)

Li-Ion Batteries

(3)

Li-Ion Polymer Batteries

(2)

The Evolving Batteries

(2)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

II. MATURE TECHNOLOGIES

(62)

Sealed, Rechargeable Nickel Cadmium Batteries (Ni-Cd): A Mature Technology with a Viable Future

(32)

Joseph A. Carcone

Background

(1)

Features of Sealed Rechargeable, Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

(1)

Maintenance-free Operation

(1)

Performance Features

(1)

Special Ni-Cd Characteristics

(1)

Electrochemistry

(2)

General Characteristics

(1)

Electrochemical

(1)

Cell Construction

(5)

Cylindrical Cells

(2)

Button Cells

(1)

Prismatic (Slim) Rectangular Cells

(1)

Special Rectangular Aerospace Batteries

(1)

Specialized Ni-Cd Cells for Unique Applications

(1)

High Temperature Cells

(1)

Memory Backup Cells

(1)

Performance Characteristics

(12)

Charge Characteristics

(1)

Charge Efficiency

(1)

Battery Temperature Characteristics

(1)

Charge and Overcharge Current Related to Internal Gas Pressure

(1)

Charging Voltage Characteristics

(1)

Discharge Characteristics

(1)

Internal Resistance

(1)

Measurement of Internal Resistance

(1)

Discharge Rate

(1)

Temperature Characteristics During Discharge

(2)

Battery (Cell) Polarity Reversal

(2)

Storage Characteristics

(1)

Storage at Temperature

(1)

Long Term Storage and Performance Recovery

(2)

Battery Service Life

(6)

Cycle Life

(2)

Temperature and Life Characteristics

(1)

Depth of Discharge (DOD)

(1)

Life Limiting Usage Characteristics

(1)

Special Purpose Cells

(4)

High Capacity Cells

(1)

Fast Charge Cells

(1)

Standard Method

(1)

Timer Control

(1)

Temperature Detection (TCO)

(1)

Negative Delta Voltage (- ΔV)

(1)

Delta Temperature (ΔT)

(1)

Designing a Power Pack Using Ni-Cd Batteries

(1)

Ni-Cd Benefits

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Advanced NiMH Batteries

(28)

Masayuki Suzuki

Moriyasu Wada

Introduction

(3)

Overview of NiMH

(4)

Improvement in Capacity

(10)

Improvement in Hydrogen Storage Alloys

(4)

Improvement in Cathode Materials

(2)

Improvement in Separator and Cell Design

(1)

Improvement in Robustness

(4)

Charge Efficiency at High Temperature

(1)

Self Discharge

(1)

Capacity Recovery After Deep Discharge

(2)

Pulse Discharge Characteristics

100

(1)

New Hydrogen Storage Alloys

100

(3)

Summary

103

(1)

References

104

(3)

III. RECENT AND NEAR-FUTURE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY III-1. Li-TECHNOLOGIES

107

(300)

Advanced Li-Ion Batteries

109

(22)

Kaoru Nakajima

Yoshio Nishi

Lithium Ion Secondary Batteries as Power Sources

109

(3)

The Market for the Li-Ion Battery

111

(1)

What is the Li-Ion Battery? The Principle. The Materials

112

(10)

Carbonaceous Anode Materials

114

(4)

Cathode Materials

118

(1)

Electrolyte

119

(1)

Separator

120

(1)

Others

120

(2)

Characteristics

122

(3)

Production Process

125

(2)

Future Scope

127

(1)

References

128

(3)

Application of Li/CFx System in Portable Electronics

131

(22)

Patrick J. Spellman

Kelly L. Dittberner

James G. Pilarzyk

Michael J. Root

Introduction

131

(2)

Interaction Between Portable Devices and Small Cells (Button and Coin Cells)

131

(1)

Long Life Needs

132

(1)

Cell Chemistry and Design

133

(5)

Cell Chemistry

133

(1)

Anode

133

(1)

Cathode

134

(1)

Electrolytes

135

(1)

Cell Design

136

(2)

Coin Cell Characteristics

138

(9)

Cell Sizes and Rated Capacity

138

(1)

Storage Characteristics

138

(2)

Self Discharge

140

(1)

Cell Voltage During Discharge

141

(1)

Cell Impedance During Discharge

142

(2)

Safety

144

(1)

Cell Composition

144

(1)

High Altitude Exposure

145

(1)

Cell Charging

145

(2)

Real Time Clock and Memory Backup Applications

147

(4)

Current Technology

147

(1)

Circuit Connection Options: Coin Cell Holders

147

(1)

Contact Reliability

147

(1)

Component Class Tabbed Coin Cells

148

(1)

Backup Batteries for Pentium Based Systems

148

(2)

Operating Environments

150

(1)

Standby Power Supplies

150

(1)

Reduced Current Drains

150

(1)

Replacement of the Backup Battery

150

(1)

Conclusion

151

(1)

References

151

(2)

Lithium Electrode in Polymer Electrolytes

153

(40)

Denis Fauteux

Introduction

153

(2)

Kinetics of Passive Films Formation and Growth

155

(4)

Porous Passive Films

155

(1)

Dense Passive Films

156

(3)

The Behavior of Passive Film Under Polarization

159

(2)

Dense Passive Films

159

(1)

Porous Passive Films

160

(1)

Polymer Electrolyte Systems

161

(23)

Lithium Metal Polymer Electrolyte Systems

164

(16)

Lithium Alloy Polymer Electrolyte Systems

180

(4)

Conclusions

184

(5)

References

189

(4)

Advanced Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

193

(60)

Kim Kinoshita

Introduction

193

(4)

Carbon in Li-Ion Cells

194

(1)

Historical Perspective

195

(2)

Structure of Carbon and Lithiated Carbon

197

(5)

Crystallographic Structure

197

(2)

Surface Structure

199

(1)

Lithiated Carbon Structure

200

(2)

Synthesis of Lithiated Carbon

202

(9)

Physicochemical Techniques

202

(4)

Electrochemical Preparation

206

(2)

Electrolyte Decomposition on Carbon

208

(3)

Carbon Electrodes

211

(27)

Types of Carbons

211

(3)

Lithium Storage Mechanism

214

(10)

Lithium Storage Capacity

224

(14)

Alternative Negative Electrode Materials

238

(4)

Alloys

238

(1)

Metal Oxides

239

(3)

Concluding Remarks

242

(1)

Acknowledgements

243

(1)

References

243

(10)

Advanced Cathode Materials for Lithium Batteries

253

(98)

Dominique Guyomard

Introduction

253

(3)

General Considerations

256

(5)

The Intercalation Reaction

256

(1)

Relationships Between Performance Requirements and Materials Characteristics

256

(1)

Toxicity and Cost

256

(1)

Temperature Range

257

(1)

Stability

257

(1)

Capacity

257

(1)

Voltage

258

(1)

Energy

259

(1)

Power

260

(1)

Cycle Life

260

(1)

Shelf Life

261

(1)

Lithiated Transition Metal Oxides for Li-Ion Batteries

261

(33)

Layered LiCoO2 and LT-LiCoO2

263

(3)

Quasi-layered LiNiO2 and the Li1-zNi1+zO2 System

266

(4)

Substitutions in Layered LiMO2

270

(1)

LiNiyCo1-yO2

271

(1)

LiCoyM1-yO2 and LiNiyM1-yO2 with M ≠ Co, Ni

271

(1)

Anionic Substitutions

272

(1)

Summary

272

(1)

The Li-Fe-O System

272

(1)

The Spinel LiMn2O4 and the Li1+yMn2-yO4-δ System

273

(1)

Formulation and Phase Diagrams

273

(4)

Mn AOS in the Discharged State

277

(1)

Oxygen Non-stoichiometry

278

(3)

Mn Dissolution

281

(1)

Structural Stability

282

(2)

Cubic Unit Cell Parameter

284

(1)

Electrolyte Oxidation

285

(1)

Summary

286

(1)

Substitutions in Spinel LiMn2O4

286

(1)

Cationic Substitutions

286

(1)

Anionic Substitutions

287

(1)

LiMnO2 Polymorphs

288

(1)

T-Li2Mn2O4

288

(1)

O-LiMnO2

288

(2)

M-LiMnO2

290

(1)

Rγ-Liδ1-MnO2

291

(1)

Summary

292

(1)

High Voltage Spinels

292

(2)

Transition Metal Oxides and Polymers for Li-Metal Batteries

294

(19)

V-based Compounds

295

(1)

V6O13

295

(1)

AV3O8 (A = Li, Na, K)

296

(3)

Lix V2O5 and Related Compounds

299

(3)

Lix V2-δO4-δH2O (x ≅ 0.6; δ≅ 0.2-0.3)

302

(1)

Vanadium Bronzes My V2O5 (M ≠ Li)

303

(1)

Metal Vanadates

304

(1)

Summary

304

(1)

Cr-based Oxides

305

(1)

Mn-based Oxides

306

(1)

Spinel Manganese Oxides

306

(2)

Substituted Spinel Manganese Oxides

308

(2)

γ- and Rγ-MnO2 and Lithiated Compounds

310

(3)

α-MnO2

313

(1)

O-NayMnO2-based Compounds

313

(11)

δ-MnO2 or Phyllomanganates

314

(3)

Summary

317

(1)

Fe-based Compounds

317

(1)

Co- and Ni-based Oxides

318

(1)

Polymer Compounds

319

(1)

Electro-conducting Polymers

319

(1)

Solid Redox Polymerization Electrodes

320

(4)

Summary

324

(1)

New Classes of Electrode Materials

324

(6)

Polyanionic Compounds

324

(3)

Polymer/Transition Metal Oxide Nanocomposites

327

(3)

Thin Film Cathodes

330

(1)

Conclusion and Perspectives

330

(9)

4V Compounds

336

(1)

3V Compounds

337

(1)

Better Performing Cathode Materials ...

337

(1)

Advanced Cathode Materials for Electronics Applications

338

(1)

Acknowledgements

339

(1)

References

339

(12)

Polymer Electrolytes

351

(56)

Fiona Gray

Michel Armand

Introduction

351

(1)

General Issues

352

(3)

Conductivity

355

(6)

Ion Transport Mechanisms

356

(3)

The Role of Simulations

359

(2)

Materials

361

(19)

Solvent-free Systems

361

(4)

Plasticized Electrolytes

365

(15)

Ionic Transport Properties

380

(15)

An Analysis of Ionic Species

380

(6)

Molecular Dynamics Simulations

386

(2)

Ionic Mobility

388

(7)

Stability

395

(5)

Mixed Phase Electrolytes

395

(3)

Stability and Polymer Electrolyte Hosts

398

(2)

Conclusions

400

(1)

References

400

(7)

III. RECENT AND NEAR-FUTURE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY III-2. Zn/AIR TECHNOLOGY

407

(22)

Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries for Portable Products

409

(20)

Lawrence A. Tinker

Katherine A. Striebel

Introduction

409

(2)

Zinc-Air Chemistry

411

(3)

The Zinc Electrode

411

(1)

Zinc Electrochemistry

411

(2)

Air Electrode O2 Electrochemistry

413

(1)

Electrocatalysts

414

(1)

Carbon

415

(1)

Metal Catalysts

415

(1)

Transition Metal Organic Macrocycles

416

(1)

Transition Metal Oxides

416

(1)

Manganese Oxide

417

(1)

Rechargeable Zinc-Air Designs

418

(6)

Cells

418

(1)

Operating Life

419

(3)

Battery Designs

422

(2)

Summary

424

(2)

Acknowledgement

426

(1)

References

426

(3)

IV. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

429

(120)

Li/Polymer Batteries

431

(22)

Tetsuya Osaka

Electropolymerization: Electrochemical Synthesis of Conducting Polymers

431

(2)

Li/Polymer Batteries

433

(15)

Introduction

433

(1)

Polymer Cathode for Li Battery

434

(3)

Polymer Cathode in a Solid Polymer Electrolyte

437

(2)

Li Anode/Solid or Gel Polymer Electrolyte/Polymer Cathode Batteries

439

(5)

Direct Observation of Li Anode Deposition

444

(4)

Future Prospects

448

(2)

References

450

(3)

Thin-Film Lithium Batteries

453

(34)

John B. Bates

Nancy J. Dudney

Bernd J. Neudecker

Bo Wang

Introduction

453

(2)

Layout and Fabrication

455

(3)

Performance

458

(12)

Li-cLiCoO2 Cells

459

(6)

Li-aLiMn2O4 Cells

465

(1)

High and Low Temperature Performance

466

(2)

Multicell Batteries

468

(2)

Applications

470

(4)

Charging Circuits

473

(1)

Film Deposition and Materials Properties

474

(3)

Substrate Preparation and Current Collectors

474

(1)

Cathodes

474

(1)

Crystalline LiCoO2

474

(2)

Amorphous LiMn2O4

476

(1)

Lipon Electrolyte

476

(1)

Lithium Anode

477

(1)

Protective Coating

477

(1)

Future Outlook

477

(3)

Manufacturing and Commercialization

477

(1)

Li-Ion Cells

478

(2)

Appendix

480

(4)

Solid State Lithium Batteries

480

(3)

History of Thin-film Batteries

483

(1)

References

484

(3)

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells as Potential Power Sources for Portable Electronic Devices

487

(34)

Shimshon Gottesfeld

Mahlon S. Wilson

Introduction

487

(1)

Background: Polymer/Electrolyte Fuel Cells

488

(8)

The Hydrogen/Air Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell

488

(5)

The Polymer Electrolyte Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

493

(3)

Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems

496

(23)

The Hydrogen/Air Fuel Cell System

496

(1)

Hydrogen Storage

496

(6)

Portable Hydrogen/Air Fuel Cell: Some Commercial Products

502

(4)

LANL Circular Air-breather Fuel Cell Stack

506

(5)

Parameter Sensitivity Analysis for an Air Breathing Hydrogen/Air Fuel Cell System

511

(3)

The Methanol/Air Fuel Cell System for Portable Power Applications

514

(5)

Acknowledgements

519

(1)

References

519

(2)

Ultracapacitors for Portable Electronics

521

(28)

Xavier Andrieu

Introduction

521

(1)

Principle

522

(5)

Double Layer

522

(3)

Metal Oxide

525

(1)

Conducting Polymers

525

(1)

Miscellaneous Systems

526

(1)

Unsymmetrical Capacitors

526

(1)

Hybrid™ Capacitor

526

(1)

Characteristics

527

(7)

Energy and Power Densities

527

(1)

Electrical Equivalent Circuit

528

(2)

Voltage Limitation and Self Discharge

530

(2)

Life Expectancy

532

(1)

Cell Balancing

533

(1)

Temperature Behaviour

534

(1)

Applications

534

(10)

Low Power Applications, Backup Power Supplies

534

(3)

Medium and High Power Applications

537

(1)

Replacement of Batteries

537

(2)

Combination Battery/Ultracapacitor

539

(1)

Passive Combination

539

(3)

Active Combination

542

(1)

Hybrid Components

542

(2)

Conclusions

544

(1)

Acknowledgement

544

(1)

References

545

(4)

V. BATTERY INTELLIGENCE

549

(26)

Electronics and the Battery Pack

551

(24)

David Freeman

David Heacock

Introduction

551

(1)

Charge Control

551

(1)

Power Conversion Techniques

552

(6)

Termination

558

(1)

Capacity Monitoring

559

(5)

Determining Battery Characteristics for Capacity Monitoring

564

(5)

Capacity Monitoring for Different Chemistries

569

(2)

Li-Ion Protector Circuits

571

(1)

Battery Management

572

(1)

References

573

(2)

Index

575

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Energy Storage Systems in Electronics

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials