Engineering Geology and Construction

Engineering Geology and Constructionis an in-depth study of the influence of geology on construction. It is the only book to concentrate on this relationship, providing comprehensive, well-referenced and up-to-date information. The full scope of the subject is considered, from site investigation through to the complexities of reservoirs and dam sites. International case studies are incorporated throughout and summaries of accepted practice described. Also included are sections on the disposal of waste, and contaminated land. A thorough coverage of theory, and practical demonstrations of its applications, makesEngineering Geology and Constructionan invaluable book for students and practitioners in the fields of geology, engineering and construction.

Fred Bell was Professor and Head of the Department of Geology and Applied Geology at the University of Natal, South Africa.

Preface

ix

1 Land evaluation and site investigation

1

(96)

1.1 Desk study and preliminary reconnaissance

2

(3)

1.2 Remote sensing imagery and aerial photographs

5

(12)

1.3 Terrain evaluation

17

(2)

1.4 Geographical information systems

19

(2)

1.5 Mapping

21

(10)

1.6 Site exploration: direct methods

31

(18)

1.7 Recording discontinuity data

49

(6)

1.8 In situ testing

55

(11)

1.9 Indirect methods of exploration: geophysical techniques

66

(22)

1.10 Field instrumentation

88

(5)

References

93

(4)

2 Open excavation and slopes

97

(84)

2.1 Methods of excavation: drilling and blasting

97

(16)

2.2 Methods of excavation: ripping

113

(12)

2.3 Diggability

125

(4)

2.4 Displacement in soils

129

(2)

2.5 Displacements in rock masses

131

(5)

2.6 A brief note on slope stability analysis

136

(4)

2.7 Ground movements and excavation

140

(5)

2.8 Groundwater and excavation

145

(13)

2.9 Monitoring slopes

158

(3)

2.10 Methods of slope control and stabilization

161

(13)

2.11 A note on cofferdams and caissons

174

(2)

References

176

(5)

3 Subsurface excavations

181

(66)

3.1 Introduction

181

(1)

3.2 Geological conditions and tunnelling

182

(21)

3.3 Excavation of tunnels

203

(10)

3.4 Tunnel support

213

(16)

3.5 Tunnelling and subsidence

229

(2)

3.6 Underground caverns

231

(4)

3.7 Shafts and raises

235

(8)

References

243

(4)

4 Foundation conditions and buildings

247

(97)

4.1 Total and effective pressures

247

(2)

4.2 Stress distribution in soil

249

(4)

4.3 Bearing capacity

253

(9)

4.4 Contact pressure

262

(1)

4.5 Consolidation and settlement

263

(14)

4.6 Subsidence

277

(21)

4.7 Earthquakes and ground movements

298

(5)

4.8 Problem soils

303

(26)

4.9 Ground treatment

329

(4)

4.10 Types of foundation structure

333

(4)

References

337

(7)

5 Routeways

344

(62)

5.1 Introduction

344

(1)

5.2 Roadways

345

(20)

5.3 Embankments

365

(10)

5.4 Reinforced earth

375

(1)

5.5 Soil stabilization

376

(13)

5.6 Use of geotextiles in road construction

389

(1)

5.7 Drainage

390

(4)

5.8 Railroads

394

(2)

5.9 Bridges

396

(6)

References

402

(4)

6 Reservoirs and dam sites

406

(71)

6.1 Introduction

406

(1)

6.2 Investigation of reservoir sites

407

(2)

6.3 Leakage from reservoirs

409

(7)

6.4 Stability of the sides of reservoirs

416

(5)

6.5 Sedimentation in reservoirs

421

(2)

6.6 Pumped storage reservoirs

423

(2)

6.7 Reservoirs and induced seismicity

425

(3)

6.8 Types of dam

428

(5)

6.9 Forces on a dam

433

(3)

6.10 Geology and dam sites

436

(16)

6.11 Embankment dams

452

(11)

6.12 Grouting

463

(8)

6.13 Drainage systems

471

(1)

6.14 Impervious blankets

471

(1)

References

472

(5)

7 Hydrogeology

477

(82)

7.1 Introduction

477

(4)

7.2 Capillary movement in soil and soil suction

481

(1)

7.3 Aquifers, aquicludes and aquitards

482

(3)

7.4 Springs

485

(2)

7.5 Water budget studies

487

(2)

7.6 Hydrogeological properties

489

(7)

7.7 Flow through soils and rocks

496

(5)

7.8 Groundwater exploration

501

(3)

7.9 Assessment of permeability and flow

504

(11)

7.10 Water quality and uses

515

(9)

7.11 Wells

524

(2)

7.12 Safe yield

526

(1)

7.13 Artificial recharge

527

(1)

7.14 Groundwater pollution

528

(22)

7.15 Groundwater monitoring and groundwater protection zones

550

(2)

7.16 Rising water tables

552

(1)

References

553

(6)

8 River and coastal engineering

559

(82)

8.1 Fluvial processes

559

(12)

8.2 Floods

571

(4)

8.3 Factors affecting run-off

575

(6)

8.4 Assessment of run-off

581

(5)

8.5 Hazard zoning, warning systems and adjustments

586

(3)

8.6 River control and flood regulation

589

(9)

8.7 The coastal zone

598

(10)

8.8 Coastal erosion

608

(4)

8.9 Beaches and longshore drift

612

(3)

8.10 Shoreline investigation

615

(4)

8.11 Protective barriers

619

(6)

8.12 Stabilization of longshore drift

625

(3)

8.13 Storm surges and marine inundation

628

(4)

8.14 Tsunamis

632

(5)

References

637

(4)

9 Waste and its disposal

641

(55)

9.1 Introduction

641

(2)

9.2 Domestic refuse and sanitary landfills

643

(24)

9.3 Hazardous wastes

667

(4)

9.4 Radioactive waste

671

(8)

9.5 Waste materials from mining

679

(12)

References

691

(5)

10 Derelict and contaminated land

696

(42)

10.1 Derelict land and urban areas

696

(3)

10.2 Derelict land: restoration of old quarries, pits and mines

699

(5)

10.3 Contaminated land

704

(10)

10.4 Investigation of contaminated sites

714

(8)

10.5 Remediation of contaminated land

722

(6)

10.6 Contamination, mining and associated industries

728

(3)

10.7 Contamination in estuaries

731

(3)

References

734

(4)

11 Geological materials used in construction

738

(53)

11.1 Building or dimension stone

738

(24)

11.2 Roofing and facing materials

762

(2)

11.3 Armourstone

764

(4)

11.4 Crushed rock: concrete aggregate

768

(5)

11.5 Road aggregate

773

(3)

11.6 Gravels and sands

776

(3)

11.7 Lime, cement and plaster

779

(2)

11.8 Clay deposits and refractory materials

781

(6)

References

787

(4)

Index

791

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Engineering Geology and Construction

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials