English Grammar A Generative Perspective

, by Haegeman, Liliane; Gueron, Jacqueline

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ISBN: 9780631188384 | 063118838X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/8/1998

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Nicholas Bate is Founder and MD of Strategic Edge, a consultancy established 15 years ago with the simple aim of enabling individuals to realise and release their true potential. Prior to launching Strategic Edge Nicholas Bate carried out research in the field of molecular biophysics, taught in the state sector and worked in sales and marketing in several corporate environments. He is an accredited MBTI practitioner (Step 1 and Step 2), a fully accredited Master Practitioner of NLP and a 'Mind-ways Inside' accredited trainer. His current major clients include Microsoft and Marks Spencer.

Acknowledgements

xiv

Introduction

(13)

1 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SENTENCES

(155)

0 Preliminaries: knowledge of language and grammar

(7)

0.1 Grammaticality

(5)

0.2 The aim of this book

(1)

0.3 Aim and scope of this chapter

(1)

1 The meaning of sentences: argument structure

(24)

1.1 The components of the clause: thematic structure

(1)

1.1.1 Verbs and their arguments

(4)

1.1.2 The theta-criterion

(3)

1.1.3 Adjuncts

(1)

1.1.4 Theta-roles and clause structure

(2)

1.2 Locality and thematic structure

(2)

1.3 Implicit arguments

(4)

1.4 Do all verbs assign theta-roles?

(2)

1.5 Do only verbs assign theta-roles?

(1)

1.6 Do all noun phrases receive theta-roles?

(1)

1.6.1 NPs as adjuncts

(1)

1.6.2 Expletive subjects

(2)

1.6.3 Weather verbs

(1)

1.7 Summary: argument structure

(1)

2 Phrase structure

(67)

2.1 Structure: clauses and constituents

(1)

2.1.1 The semantic criterion

(1)

2.1.2 Substitution

(1)

2.1.3 Movement

(1)

2.1.4 Questions: substitution and movement

(3)

2.1.5 Deletion

(1)

2.1.6 Focalizing a constituent

(1)

2.1.7 Further evidence for separating the verb and the auxiliary

(1)

2.1.8 Summary

(1)

2.1.9 Further evidence for structure: rightward movement of constituents

(1)

2.2 Words and categories

(1)

2.2.1 Nouns

(2)

2.2.2 Verbs

(1)

2.2.3 Adjectives

(1)

2.2.4 Adverbs

(1)

2.2.5 Prepositions

(1)

2.2.6 Lexical categories

(1)

2.2.7 Functional categories

(5)

2.2.8 Summary

(1)

2.3 Phrases

(1)

2.3.1 Noun Phrases or NPs

(3)

2.3.2 Prepositional Phrases or PPs

(1)

2.3.3 Verb Phrases or VPs

(2)

2.3.4 Adjective Phrases or APs

(2)

2.3.5 Summary: lexical categories and phrasal categories

(1)

2.4 Layering

(1)

2.4.1 VP-layers

(2)

2.4.2 NP-layers

(2)

2.4.3 AP, AdvP and PP

(1)

2.4.4 The X-bar format of phrase structure

(1)

2.4.5 The X-bar format and adjunction

(2)

2.5 Functional projections

(1)

2.5.1 S, binary branching and AUX

(3)

2.5.2 Lexical verbs and auxiliaries

(9)

2.5.3 S as a projection of I

(2)

2.5.4 I as AGR and T (i)

(2)

2.5.5 IP and CP

(4)

2.5.6 Adjunction to the clause

101

(2)

2.5.7 Functional heads and lexical heads

103

(1)

2.5.8 Selection and locality

104

(4)

2.5.9 Small clauses

108

(4)

3 Grammatical functions and case

112

(25)

3.1 The subject NP

112

(1)

3.2 Non-overt subjects

113

(1)

3.3 Non-NP subjects

114

(1)

3.3.1 Clausal subjects

114

(5)

3.3.2 PP subjects

119

(1)

3.3.3 Small clause subjects

120

(1)

3.4 Expletive subjects

120

(1)

3.4.1 It

120

(1)

3.4.2 Existential there

121

(1)

3.4.3 The subject of weather verbs

122

(1)

3.5 The object

122

(1)

3.5.1 NP objects

122

(1)

3.5.2 Speculations on the double object construction in English

123

(2)

3.5.3 Non-NP objects

125

(1)

3.6 The subject requirement

126

(1)

3.7 Case

127

(1)

3.7.1 Pronouns and morphological case

127

(1)

3.7.2 The distribution of nominative and accusative case

128

(4)

3.7.3 The Case-Filter

132

(1)

3.7.4 Locality and case-assignment

133

(3)

3.7.5 Case-assigners

136

(1)

3.7.6 Summary

137

(1)

Summary

137

(8)

Exercises

145

(21)

Bibliographical notes

166

(3)

2 MOVEMENT AND LOCALITY

169

(118)

0 Aim and scope of this chapter

169

(1)

1 Movement

169

(58)

1.1 Questions

169

(1)

1.1.1 Preliminary description

169

(6)

1.1.2 The status of whether and if

175

(1)

1.1.3 Movement and locality

176

(4)

1.1.4 Extracting the subject

180

(2)

1.1.5 Adjunct extraction

182

(1)

1.1.6 Islands

183

(1)

1.1.7 Summary: wh-movement

184

(1)

1.2 Relative clauses

185

(1)

1.2.1 Preliminary description

185

(1)

1.2.2 Analysis

186

(1)

1.2.3 Evidence for the movement analysis

187

(1)

1.2.4 Further examples

188

(3)

1.2.5 Infinitival relatives

191

(2)

1.2.6 Subject relatives with that

193

(1)

1.2.7 Double movement

194

(4)

1.2.8 Summary: relative clauses and interrogative clauses

198

(1)

1.3 Passivization and raising

198

(1)

1.3.1 Argument structure of active and passive

199

(3)

1.3.2 Raising

202

(2)

1.3.3 Passivization and raising: movement to subject position

204

(1)

1.3.4 NP-movement is case-driven

205

(3)

1.3.5 NP-movement as a Last Resort and the Principle of Economy

208

(1)

1.3.6 The category of the moved constituent

209

(2)

1.3.7 NP-movement: summary

211

(1)

1.4 Movement in English

211

(1)

1.4.1 Survey

211

(1)

1.4.2 C-command

212

(3)

1.4.3 Locality

215

(2)

1.4.4 Two types of XP-movement

217

(3)

1.4.5 A-movement and A' -movement: the identification of movement types

220

(7)

2 The canonical subject position and the VP-internal subject hypothesis

227

(8)

2.1 Floating quantifiers

228

(3)

2.2 Movement of the subject NP

231

(3)

2.3 Locality and the VP-internal subject hypothesis

234

(1)

3 Transitives, intransitives and unaccusatives (ergatives)

235

(10)

3.1 One-argument verbs and the base-position of the subject

235

(1)

3.2 The existential construction

236

(1)

3.2.1 English

236

(1)

3.2.2 The existential construction and post-verbal subjects in French

237

(5)

3.3 Movement and case

242

(2)

3.4 Unaccusative verbs in English

244

(1)

3.5 Summary: two kinds of one-argument verbs

244

(1)

4 Head-movement, prepositions and particles

245

(23)

4.1 Head-movement in English: a survey

245

(4)

4.2 The verb-particle construction in English

249

(1)

4.2.1 Introduction

249

(1)

4.2.2 The PP

250

(2)

4.2.3 The particle

252

(12)

4.3 Passivization and particles

264

(1)

4.3.1 Verb-particles and passive

264

(2)

4.3.2 Passive and preposition stranding

266

(1)

4.4 Summary: particles

267

(1)

Summary

268

(4)

Exercises

272

(13)

Bibliographical notes

285

(2)

3 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE CLAUSE

287

(74)

0 Aim and scope of this chapter

287

(1)

1 Subjects across categories and be as a raising verb

288

(18)

1.1 Copular sentences

288

(1)

1.1.1 Copular sentences: a first analysis

288

(2)

1.1.2 Be as a one-argument verb

290

(1)

1.1.3 Subject positions

291

(3)

1.1.4 Functional projections and adjectives

294

(4)

1.1.5 Be as a raising verb

298

(1)

1.2 Progressive be

299

(3)

1.3 Passive be

302

(2)

1.4 Some speculations on perfect have

304

(2)

1.5 Summary: be as a raising verb

306

(1)

2 Functional projections and the Split-INFL hypothesis

306

(20)

2.1 Finite clauses

306

(1)

2.2 Non-finite clauses

307

(1)

2.3 V-movement across adverbs

308

(1)

2.3.1 V-movement across adverbs in finite clauses

309

(1)

2.3.2 V-movement across adverbs in non-finite clauses

309

(1)

2.4 The Split-INFL hypothesis: I as AGR and T (ii)

310

(1)

2.4.1 Two landing sites of the verb

310

(1)

2.4.2 Negative sentences in French

311

(2)

2.4.3 Morphological evidence

313

(1)

2.5 Further considerations on the structure of English clauses

314

(1)

2.5.1 The Split-INFL in English

314

(4)

2.5.2 A note on subject movement

318

(1)

2.5.3 NegP in English: not versus n't

318

(4)

2.5.4 Speculations on copula be and possessive have

322

(2)

2.6 Speculations on the subjunctive in English

324

(2)

3 Extended projection

326

(4)

3.1 VP as the semantic core of the clause

326

(2)

3.2 Extended projection and subjunctive selection

328

(2)

4 The Split-CP hypothesis

330

(17)

4.1 Head-movement and locality

330

(3)

4.2 The structure of CP

333

(1)

4.2.1 Negative inversion

333

(3)

4.2.2 Topicalization

336

(1)

4.2.3 Negative inversion and topicalization

337

(2)

4.2.4 More functional projections in CP

339

(2)

4.3 Topic and focus

341

(1)

4.3.1 Operator versus non-operator

341

(1)

4.3.2 Hungarian focalization

342

(2)

4.3.3 Wh-movement in embedded clauses in English

344

(3)

4.4 Conclusion: the split CP

347

(1)

Summary

347

(4)

Exercises

351

(7)

Bibliographical notes

358

(3)

4 ASPECTS OF THE SYNTAX OF NOUN PHRASES

361

(128)

0 Aim and scope of this chapter

361

(1)

1 Binding

362

(21)

1.1 The interpretation of reflexives

363

(1)

1.1.1 Antecedents

363

(1)

1.1.2 C-command and binding

363

(2)

1.1.3 A-binding

365

(1)

1.1.4 Locality conditions on binding: the binding domain

365

(2)

1.1.5 Reflexives as subjects

367

(1)

1.1.6 Reflexives contained within subjects

368

(1)

1.1.7 Summary: reflexives and binding

369

(1)

1.2 Anaphors: reflexives and reciprocals

370

(1)

1.3 Pronouns

371

(2)

1.4 R-expressions

373

(3)

1.5 Summary: the Binding Theory

376

(1)

1.6 Binding and movement: A-binding and A' -binding

376

(3)

1.7 Consequences of the VP -internal subject hypothesis for binding

379

(1)

1.7.1 Binding relations

379

(1)

1.7.2 Movement

380

(2)

1.8 Summary: binding relations

382

(1)

1.8.1 A-binding

382

(1)

1.8.2 A'-binding

383

(1)

2 Empty categories: an overview

383

(23)

2.1 Traces: a recapitulation

383

(1)

2.1.1 Wh-movement

383

(2)

2.1.2 NP-movement

385

(1)

2.1.3 Properties of traces

386

(2)

2.2 Non-overt arguments in the base

388

(1)

2.2.1 Non-overt subjects in non-finite clauses

388

(1)

2.2.2 Non-overt subjects are not traces

389

(1)

2.2.3 The null subject in Italian

390

(1)

2.3 Some reasons for postulating non-overt arguments

391

(1)

2.3.1 The subject requirement

391

(1)

2.3.2 Argument structure

392

(2)

2.3.3 Paraphrases

394

(1)

2.3.4 Arguments based on locality: binding

394

(1)

2.4 The typology of non-overt elements

395

(1)

2.4.1 Base generation or movement

395

(1)

2.4.2 Identification of empty categories

396

(2)

2.5 Some further speculations on base-generated non-overt arguments

398

(1)

2.5.1 pro

399

(1)

2.5.2 PRO

400

(5)

2.6 Summary: the typology of non-overt elements

405

(1)

3 Speculations on the functional structure of the nominal projection: NP as DP

406

(58)

3.1 Lexical heads versus functional heads: a recapitulation

406

(2)

3.2 The nominal projection

408

(1)

3.3 The specifier of NP

409

(2)

3.4 NP and clause

411

(1)

3.4.1 Argument structure

411

(3)

3.4.2 `Passivization' in the NP

414

(1)

3.4.3 Subject of NP

414

(1)

3.4.4 Referential dependencies: binding and control

415

(1)

3.4.5 Summary: NP and clause

416

(1)

3.5 Functional projections in the NP

417

(1)

3.5.1 NP as DP

417

(5)

3.5.2 IP-type projections in DP

422

(24)

3.6 Demonstratives and DP

446

(1)

3.6.1 Demonstratives in [Spec, DP]

446

(2)

3.6.2 Demonstratives as maximal projections

448

(2)

3.6.3 Some further speculations on demonstratives

450

(3)

3.6.4 Final remarks

453

(1)

3.7 Pre-nominal adjectival modifiers

453

(1)

3.7.1 Adjectives and APs: three proposals

453

(1)

3.7.2 The adjective is a head selecting an NP complement

454

(2)

3.7.3 Problems for the adjunction analysis of APs

456

(4)

3.7.4 Speculations on adverbial modifiers and clause structure

460

(4)

3.7.5 Summary and further discussion

464

(1)

Summary

464

(8)

Exercises

472

(14)

Bibliographical notes

486

(3)

5 FROM STRUCTURE TO INTERPRETATION

489

(92)

0 Aim and scope of this chapter

489

(1)

1 Introduction: syntax and interpretation

489

(31)

1.1 Interpretation and semantics

489

(1)

1.2 Structure and interpretation

490

(1)

1.3 Compositionality

491

(1)

1.3.1 The interpretation of the sentence is a function of its parts

491

(3)

1.3.2 Idioms

494

(3)

1.4 Economy and interpretation

497

(1)

1.4.1 Full interpretation

497

(2)

1.4.2 Questions concerning the application of the Principle of Full Interpretation

499

(3)

1.4.3 Case and AGR

502

(8)

1.4.4 Expletive constructions

510

(1)

1.4.5 Full Interpretation and empty categories

511

(2)

1.5 Predication

513

(4)

1.6 Locality and interpretation

517

(2)

1.7 Summary

519

(1)

2 The functional layers

520

(18)

2.1 CP and discourse connections: a first survey

520

(1)

2.1.1 Illocutionary force and CP: a first illustration

521

(1)

2.1.2 Discourse connections: focalization, topicalization and scene-setting

522

(1)

2.2 Illocutionary force

523

(1)

2.2.1 Embedded questions

523

(3)

2.2.2 Root questions

526

(3)

2.2.3 Do-insertion in negative sentences

529

(1)

2.3 Tense and C

530

(1)

2.3.1 Some examples

530

(2)

2.3.2 Embedded tenses

532

(3)

2.3.3 Locality and tense interpretation

535

(1)

2.4 Summary

536

(2)

3 Logical Form

538

(29)

3.1 Quantifiers

539

(1)

3.1.1 The interpretation of quantifiers

539

(2)

3.1.2 The syntactic representation of quantifier interpretation and Logical Form

541

(2)

3.1.3 Bound pronouns

543

(2)

3.2 Wh-phrases and LF movement

545

(1)

3.2.1 Wh-phrases as operators

545

(2)

3.2.2 Wh-raising

547

(4)

3.3 Reconstruction

551

(1)

3.3.1 The Binding Theory and reconstruction

551

(4)

3.3.2 VP fronting and reconstruction

555

(2)

3.4 Expletive replacement and Full Interpretation

557

(1)

3.4.1 Existential sentences and there

557

(1)

3.4.2 Do-insertion

558

(2)

3.5 Consequences for language typology

560

(1)

3.5.1 V-movement revisited

560

(2)

3.5.2 Checking Theory

562

(2)

3.5.3 Movement and language typology

564

(2)

3.6 Conclusion

566

(1)

3.7 Summary

566

(1)

Summary

567

(3)

Exercises

570

(9)

Bibliographical notes

579

(2)

6 THE NEW COMPARATIVE SYNTAX

581

(69)

0 Aim and scope of this chapter

581

(1)

1 Introduction

581

(6)

1.1 The comparative approach

581

(1)

1.2 Principles and parameters in syntactic theory

582

(1)

1.2.1 Grammar and knowledge of language

582

(1)

1.2.2 Acquisition of linguistic knowledge

583

(4)

2 Parameters and word-order variation

587

(10)

2.1 Verb movement to AGR

587

(2)

2.2 N-to-AGR movement

589

(1)

2.3 SOV languages versus SVO languages

590

(1)

2.3.1 The head parameter

591

(1)

2.3.2 The universal base and object shift

592

(2)

2.3.3 Diachronic developments

594

(1)

2.4 Summary: principles and parameters

595

(1)

2.4.1 Principles

595

(1)

2.4.2 Parameters

595

(1)

2.4.3 The interaction of parameters and principles

596

(1)

3 Parametric variation between languages: the pro-drop parameter

597

(17)

3.1 Non-overt subjects in finite clauses

597

(2)

3.2 Relating the properties

599

(1)

3.2.1 The identification of pro and rich AGRs

599

(1)

3.2.2 Expletives

600

(1)

3.2.3 Post-verbal subjects and non-overt expletives

601

(1)

3.2.4 Extraction of the subject across an overt declarative complementizer

601

(1)

3.2.5 The clustering of properties

602

(1)

3.3 Syntax is driven by morphology

603

(1)

3.4 Speculations on post-verbal non-overt pronouns

604

(1)

3.4.1 The parameter

604

(1)

3.4.2 The non-overt object is syntactically active

605

(4)

3.4.3 Non-overt subjects is small clauses

609

(3)

3.4.4 Two types of post-verbal pro

612

(1)

3.4.5 Object pro and diachronic development

613

(1)

4 Register variation

614

(20)

4.1 Non-overt subjects in abbreviated English

614

(1)

4.1.1 The data

614

(2)

4.1.2 Arguments for non-overt subjects

616

(1)

4.1.3 Constraints on non-overt subjects

617

(1)

4.1.4 Arguments against the pro-drop analysis

618

(3)

4.1.5 The CP level and the identification of non-overt subjects

621

(4)

4.1.6 Summary

625

(1)

4.1.7 Some further data

625

(1)

4.2 The delimitation of movement and complex styles

626

(1)

4.2.1 Recapitulation: movement and locality

626

(1)

4.2.2 Extraction from adjunct clauses

627

(1)

4.2.3 Complex sentences

628

(3)

4.2.4 Movement in English and in Italian

631

(1)

4.2.5 The Latinate style

632

(1)

4.2.6 Stylistic variation and parametric variation

632

(1)

4.3 Summary: core grammars and peripheral grammars

633

(1)

Summary

634

(4)

Exercises

638

(8)

Bibliographical notes

646

(4)

References

650

(8)

Index

658

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English Grammar A Generative Perspective

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials