The Environmental Challenge for Central

Discusses the overall economic, social, political, and economic environmental issues in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland and the Slovak Republic since 1989. The problems experienced during the convergence of environmental policies, including the Environment for Europe Process, membership in the European Union and OECD, and implications for environmental policies when European accession occurs, are evaluated on a country by country basis. Compares past policies, present practices, and future plans.

Jürg Klarer is the editor of The Environmental Challenge for Central European Economies in Transition, published by Wiley. Bedrich Moldan is a Czech ecologist, publicist and politician. Moldan is professor of environmental science, founder and director of the Charles University Environment Center. From 2001 to 2004 coordinating lead author of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

Contributors

ix

(2)

Preface

xi

CHAPTER 1 Regional Overview

1

(66)

Jurg Klarer

Patrick Francis

1.1 DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN CEE COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION

1

(26)

The Context

1

(18)

Observations on selected achievements, problems and trends in environmental protection in CEE countries

19

(8)

1.2 THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION: TOWARDS CONVERGENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

27

(17)

The environment for Europe process

28

(8)

European Union accession: implications for environmental policy

36

(8)

1.3 FINANCING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN CEE COUNTRIES

44

(19)

Impediments to financing environmental protection in CEE countries

46

(4)

Domestic sources of environmental financing in CEE countries

50

(5)

Foreign and international financing of environmental protection in CEE countries

55

(8)

NOTES

63

(1)

REFERENCES

63

(4)

CHAPTER 2 Bulgaria

67

(40)

Kristalina Georgieva

Judith Moore

2.1 BACKGROUND

67

(17)

Impact of the political and economic transition of the early 1990s

68

(2)

Past and current state of the environment

70

(9)

Transboundary pollution issues

79

(5)

2.2 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

84

(8)

Legislative developments since 1990

86

(3)

Implementing organizations

89

(3)

2.3 FINANCING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS

92

(7)

Trends in environmental expenditures

92

(1)

Environmental funds

93

(3)

Trends in the allocation of resources

96

(1)

Foreign assistance

96

(3)

2.4 PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT

99

(3)

An outlook on what people care about

99

(1)

Non-governmental organizations

100

(2)

2.5 CONCLUSIONS

102

(3)

2.6 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

105

(2)

CHAPTER 3 Czech Republic

107

(24)

Bedrich Moldan

3.1 BEFORE AND AFTER NOVEMBER 1989

107

(4)

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ITS CAUSES

111

(7)

3.3 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY

118

(11)

REFERENCES

129

(3)

CHAPTER 4 Hungary

131

(1)

Zsuzsa Lehoczki

Zsuzsanna Balogh

4.1 INTRODUCTION

131

(1)

4.2 PRESENT TRENDS IN THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

132

(13)

Air pollution

133

(4)

Trends in energy use

137

(2)

Water pollution

139

(1)

Waste management

140

(4)

Nature conservation

144

(1)

4.3 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: CHANGES IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS

145

(20)

Changes in governmental tasks and responsibilities

145

(4)

Environmental policy

149

(2)

Changes in environmental legislation

151

(2)

Economic instruments

153

(5)

Privatization, bankruptcy procedures and the environment

158

(1)

Financing environmental protection

159

(2)

Private sector participation in environmental protection

161

(2)

Public perception and participation

163

(2)

4.4 CONCLUSIONS: CHALLENGES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

165

(2)

REFERENCES

167

(2)

CHAPTER 5 Latvia

169

(24)

Valts Vilnitis

5.1 BACKGROUND

169

(11)

Changes in society

169

(1)

State of the environment

170

(10)

5.2 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES - KEY PLAYERS

180

(9)

Existing environmental protection institutions and division of responsibility

180

(4)

Influence of non-environmental institutions and sectors in decision-making

184

(1)

Environmental policy

184

(1)

Environmental law

185

(2)

Relations with other sectors

187

(1)

Education and information

187

(1)

International relations and co-operation

188

(1)

5.3 PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND PARTICIPATION

189

(2)

Public opinion about environmental issues

189

(1)

State of public participation

190

(1)

5.4 MAJOR PROBLEMS AND OBSTACLES

191

(1)

REFERENCES

192

(1)

CHAPTER 6 Poland

193

(36)

Maciej Nowicki

6.1 PRESENT TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

193

(13)

Air protection

194

(3)

Water protection

197

(3)

Waste management

200

(3)

Nature conservation

203

(3)

6.2 KEY INSTITUTIONS

206

(5)

The national level

206

(3)

The regional level (voivodships)

209

(1)

The local level (gminas)

209

(1)

Agencies connected with environmental protection

210

(1)

6.3 TOOLS FOR ECOLOGICAL POLICY

211

(11)

National environmental policy

211

(1)

Reforms of the ecological law

212

(1)

Financial instruments

213

(7)

International co-operation

220

(2)

6.4 PARTICIPATION OF SOCIETY IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

222

(3)

6.5 CONCLUSIONS

225

(1)

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

226

(3)

CHAPTER 7 Slovak Republic

229

(43)

Mikulas Huba

7.1 BACKGROUND

229

(10)

Brief characterization of Slovakia's environment

229

(2)

Some environmental statistics and trends

231

(3)

Impact of political and economic transformation

234

(5)

7.2 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES

239

(16)

Brief outline of the institutional set-up for environmental protection

239

(2)

Key players

241

(6)

Environmental policy issues

247

(8)

7.3 PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND PARTICIPATION

255

(7)

Public opinion on environmental issues

255

(3)

Public participation in environmental decision-making

258

(4)

7.4 MAJOR PROBLEMS AND OBSTACLES

262

(8)

Major problems confronting environmental protection

262

(3)

The way ahead

265

(5)

REFERENCES

270

(2)

CHAPTER 8 Conclusions

272

(9)

Patrick Francis

Jurg Klarer

Bedrich Moldan

8.1 REFLECTIONS ON SIX CEE COUNTRIES

272

(3)

8.2 BROADER OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING CEE COUNTRIES

275

(6)

Index

281

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The Environmental Challenge for Central European Economies in Transition

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials