Environmental Chemistry of Aerosols

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ISBN: 9781405139199 | 1405139196
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/24/2008

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Atmospheric aerosols (fine particles suspended in the atmosphere) play a significant role in the chemistry of the atmosphere, and in particular in the physics and chemistry of pollution. Ozone depletion is one result of the presence in the atmosphere of aerosols, but they also contribute to global warming and the formation of clouds. In addition, many types of pollution, such as that from the burning of fossil fuels or wood, exist as atmospheric aerosols. Environmental Chemistry of Aerosols will describe the current state of knowledge of aerosol chemistry with each chapter written by a leader in field. It will serve as an authoritative and practical reference for scientists studying the Earth's atmosphere, and also as a useful educational and training resource for both postgraduate students and professional atmospheric scientists

List of Contributors	p. ix
Preface	p. xi
Physical and Chemical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Ambient aerosol size distributions	p. 3
Idealised size distributions of aerosol number and mass	p. 3
Size distribution measurements	p. 6
Dynamics of atmospheric aerosol size distributions	p. 8
Features of selected ambient aerosol size distributions	p. 11
Major chemical components of ambient fine particulate matter	p. 15
Aerosol composition as a function of size	p. 21
Summary and conclusions	p. 22
References	p. 25
Nucleation	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Nucleation kinetics	p. 31
One-component systems	p. 31
Binary systems	p. 34
Nucleation thermodynamics	p. 36
One-component systems	p. 36
The classical theory	p. 39
Multicomponent systems	p. 40
The nucleation theorem	p. 41
Scaling properties of critical clusters	p. 42
An application to atmospheric nucleation	p. 45
References	p. 46
Mass Transfer to Aerosols	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Equilibration between aerosol and gas	p. 51
Transfer to a particle	p. 52
Molecular motion	p. 52
Motion in gases: kinetic theory	p. 53
Diffusion	p. 55
Diffusion to an aerosol particle	p. 56
Combined diffusive and kinetic model	p. 56
Fuchs mass transfer model	p. 57
Heat and mass transfer	p. 58
Multicomponent droplets and binary growth	p. 64
Chemical model framework	p. 65
Kinetic coefficients	p. 67
Transfer to an aerosol	p. 68
Aerosol description	p. 68
Mean field approximation	p. 70
Growth equations	p. 73
Empirical atmospheric timescales	p. 75
Redistributive processes	p. 77
Nucleation mode mass transfer	p. 79
Source terms	p. 83
water data	p. 83
Nomenclature	p. 83
References	p. 85
Organic Aerosols	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Carbon-containing aerosols and their sources	p. 93
Elemental carbon - primary organic carbon	p. 93
Secondary organic matter formation (secondary organic carbon)	p. 95
Biological aerosols	p. 96
Biogenic aerosols	p. 98
Modelling biogenic aerosol formation	p. 99
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	p. 100
Emission inventories of primary organic aerosols and gaseous precursors	p. 102
Atmospheric chemistry of organic aerosols - field studies	p. 102
Measurements of carbonaceous aerosols	p. 102
Organic compounds - source apportionment	p. 104
Carbonaceous aerosols at urban/rural environments	p. 105
Summary	p. 109
References	p. 110
Metals in Aerosols	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Physico-chemical characteristics of metals in aerosols	p. 118
Size distribution	p. 118
Chemical speciation	p. 122
Reactivity of transition metals	p. 128
Photochemical/chemical cycling	p. 128
Interactions of transition metals with S(IV) species	p. 129
References	p. 133
Thermodynamics of Aqueous Systems	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Equilibrium	p. 141
The chemical potential	p. 143
Activity	p. 145
Mixed solvent systems - a brief outline	p. 147
Aqueous systems	p. 148
Water content in the regime subsaturated with respect to water vapour	p. 148
General aqueous thermodynamic equilibrium models for atmospheric aerosols	p. 152
Inorganic systems	p. 153
Activity coefficients	p. 153
Bulk inorganic contributions to particulate water content in the regime subsaturated with respect to water vapour	p. 155
Organic systems	p. 157
Activity coefficients	p. 157
Bulk organic contributions to particulate water content in the regime subsaturated with respect to water vapour	p. 161
Mixed inorganic/organic systems	p. 164
Activity coefficients - coupled thermodynamics	p. 164
Activity coefficients - uncoupled thermodynamics	p. 166
Bulk mixed inorganic/organic contributions to particulate water content in the regime substurated with respect to water vapour	p. 166
Deliquescence	p. 169
Temperature-dependent equilibrium	p. 171
Deliquescence	p. 171
Gas-to-particle partitioning	p. 173
Activity	p. 174
The influence of curvature	p. 175
The Kelvin effect	p. 175
The Kohler equation - describing the equilibrium between a curved particle and its humid environment: basic equilibrium considerations	p. 177
References	p. 181
Stratospheric Chemistry: Aerosols and the Ozone Layer	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
General properties of the stratospheric aerosol layer	p. 195
General stratospheric chemistry	p. 197
Catalysed ozone loss	p. 197
Initiation, null cycles, and termination of stratospheric chain reactions	p. 199
Heterogeneous stratospheric chemistry	p. 200
Polar stratospheric clouds and the 'ozone hole'	p. 201
Volcanic aerosol	p. 203
Meteoritic aerosol	p. 207
Interactions between stratospheric chemistry and climate	p. 208
References	p. 210
Aerosol Chemistry in Remote Locations	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Definition of 'remote locations'	p. 217
Aerosol measurement and monitoring	p. 219
Processes and mechanisms	p. 220
Observations	p. 224
Oceans and marine locations	p. 225
Antarctica	p. 228
Arctic	p. 232
Tropical forests	p. 235
Boreal forests	p. 238
High elevation and free troposphere	p. 239
Summary	p. 242
References	p. 244
Index	p. 253
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Environmental Chemistry of Aerosols

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