Environmental Economics and Management Theory, Policy, and Applications, Updated

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ISBN: 9780030256318 | 0030256313
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/26/1999

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By retaining a strong focus on policy, Environmental Economics and Management: Theory, Policy, and Applications, 2/e provides an applied, practical approach to environmental economic theory accessible to students with small or vast economic knowledge. The textbook presents a broad study of environmental issues and explores economic theories to reinforce the lessons. Offering a long-lasting understanding of real-world environmental problems and policy solutions, Callan and Thomas provide a strong foundation for the environmental managers of tomorrow.

PART ONE Modeling Environmental Problems

(96)

The Role of Economics in Environmental Management

(26)

Economics and the Environment

(5)

The Fundamental Model of Economic Activity: The Circular Flow Model

(2)

The Materials Balance Model

(2)

Design for Disassembly: Materials Management at BMW

(1)

Fundamental Concepts in Environmental Economics

(5)

Identifying the Causes of Environmental Damage: Types of Pollutants

(1)

Identifying the Sources of Pollution: Classifying Polluting Sources

(1)

Identifying the Scope of Environmental Damage: Local, Regional, and Global Pollution

(3)

Identifying Environmental Objectives

(6)

Environmental Quality

(1)

Conflict between Economic Development and the Environment: China's View

(1)

Sustainable Development

(1)

Biodiversity

(1)

National Income Accounting and the Bias against Environmental Assets

(2)

Environmental Policy Planning: An Overview

(9)

Risk Assessment

(1)

Risk Management

(3)

The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies: Valdez Principles

(6)

Modeling the Market Process: A Review of the Basics

(34)

Market Models: The Fundamentals

(1)

Defining the Relevant Market

(1)

Specifying the Market Model

(1)

The Model of Supply and Demand: An Overview

(2)

The Purpose of the Model

(1)

Building a Basic Model: Competitive Markets for Private Goods

(1)

Market Demand

(6)

The Law of Demand

(1)

Consumer Demand and Environmental Issues: What Really Matters?

(1)

Modeling Individual Demand

(1)

Deriving Market Demand from Individual Demand Data

(4)

Market Supply

(5)

The Law of Supply

(1)

Modeling Individual Supply

(1)

Profit Opportunities in Green Markets: Japan Takes the Lead

(2)

Deriving Market Supply from Individual Supply Data

(2)

Market Equilibrium

(3)

Equilibrium Price and Quantity

(1)

Market Adjustment to Disequilibrium

(2)

The Economic Criteria of Efficiency

(6)

Allocative Efficiency

(1)

Recycling Efforts and the Volatile Market for Newsprint

(5)

Technical Efficiency

(1)

Welfare Measures: Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus

(11)

Consumer Surplus

(2)

Producer Surplus

(1)

The Welfare of Society: Sum of Consumer and Producer Surplus

(1)

Measuring Welfare Changes

(6)

Modeling Market Failure

(34)

Environmental Problems: A Market Failure

(1)

Environmental Quality: A Public Good

(2)

Characteristics of Public Goods

(1)

Modeling a Public Goods Market for Environmental Quality

(8)

Allocative Efficiency in the Market for a Public Good

(4)

Assessing the Implications

(2)

Understanding the Market Failure of Public Goods Markets

(1)

Boston Harbor: The Changing Condition of an Environmental Public Good

(1)

The Solution: Government Intervention

(1)

Environmental Problems: Externalities

(5)

Informing the Public through Truth in Advertising: Green Marketing Guidelines

(1)

The Basics of Externality Theory

(1)

Environmental Externalities

(1)

Tokyo's Just-in-Time Deliveries Create a Negative Externality

(1)

An Industry Response to a Negative Consumption Externality: CD Product Packaging

(1)

The Relationship between Public Goods and Externalities

(1)

Modeling Environmental Damage as a Negative Externality

(7)

Defining the Relevant Market

(1)

Modeling the Private Market for Refined Petroleum

(1)

Inefficiency of the Competitive Equilibrium

(1)

Modeling the External Costs

(1)

Modeling the Marginal Social Costs and Marginal Social Benefits

(1)

The Efficient Equilibrium

(3)

Measuring the Welfare Gain to Society

(1)

Market Failure Analysis

(1)

The Absence of Property Rights

(11)

The Coase Theorem

(1)

Bargaining When Property Rights Belong to the Refineries

(2)

Bargaining When Property Rights Belong to the Recreational Users

(1)

Limitations of the Coase Theorem

(1)

Common Property Resources

(1)

The Solution: Government Intervention

(5)

PART TWO Modeling Solutions to Environmental Problems

(58)

Conventional Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Command-and-Control Approach

(24)

The Use of Standards in Environmental Policy

100

(1)

Types of Environmental Standards

100

(1)

The Economic Implications of Using Standards

101

(1)

Are Environmental Standards Set at an Allocatively Efficient Level?

101

(11)

The Marginal Social Benefit of Abatement

102

(1)

The Marginal Social Cost of Abatement

102

(1)

Industrial Pollution and Damages to Human Health: Catano, Puerto Rico

103

(1)

Abatement Costs: The Promise of Remediation Technology

104

(4)

Are Abatement Standards Set Efficiently?

108

(4)

General Approaches to Implementing Environmental Policy

112

(2)

Methods Used by Government to Reduce Environmental Pollution

113

(1)

Is the Command-and-Control Approach Cost-Effective?

114

(9)

The Cost-Ineffectiveness of the Technology-Based Standard

114

(1)

The Cost-Ineffectiveness of Uniform Standards

115

(8)

Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Market Approach

123

(32)

A Descriptive Overview

124

(2)

Identifying Types of Market Instruments

124

(2)

Pollution Charges

126

(9)

Modeling a Product Charge as a Per Unit Tax

127

(1)

Modeling an Emission Charge: The Single Polluter Case

128

(3)

Modeling an Emission Charge: The Multiple Polluter Case

131

(2)

Pollution Charges in Practice

133

(1)

Taxing Gasoline Consumption: An International Comparison

134

(1)

Environmental Subsidies

135

(4)

Modeling an Abatement Equipment Subsidy

135

(2)

Modeling a Per Unit Subsidy on Pollution Reduction

137

(1)

State Subsidies for Recycling Programs

138

(1)

Environmental Subsidies in Practice

139

(1)

Deposit/Refund Systems

139

(5)

The Economics of Deposit/Refund Systems

140

(1)

Modeling a Deposit/Refund System

140

(2)

Deposit/Refund Systems in Practice

142

(1)

The Mechanics of a Deposit/Refund System: ``Bottle Bills''

143

(1)

Pollution Permit Trading Systems

144

(11)

The Structure of a Pollution Permit Trading System

144

(1)

Modeling a Pollution Permit System for Multiple Polluters

145

(4)

Pollution Permit Trading Systems in Practice

149

(1)

Fighting Acid Rain with Pollution Rights: The First Annual Auction

150

(5)

PART THREE Analytical Tools for Environmental Planning

155

(126)

Environmental Decision Making: Public Policy Development

157

(25)

A Model of Environmental Public Policy Development

158

(7)

Phase I: Identification of the Environmental Problem

158

(3)

How American Citizens Are Influencing Environmental Agenda

161

(1)

Phase II: Environmental Decision Making and Risk Analysis

162

(3)

Phase III: Environmental Policy Appraisal

165

(1)

The Key Players in Environmental Decision Making

165

(17)

Environmentalists

167

(1)

Private Industry

168

(1)

Working Together: Strategic Environmental Partnerships

169

(2)

Government and Its Administrative Agencies

171

(4)

Scientists

175

(1)

Environmental Impact Statements under the NEPA

176

(1)

Economics

177

(5)

Environmental Risk Analysis

182

(24)

Concept of Risk

183

(2)

Classifying Risk: Voluntary and Involuntary Risk

183

(2)

Defining Environmental Risk

185

(1)

Risk Assessment in Environmental Decision Making

185

(10)

EPA Declares Secondhand Smoke a Carcinogen

186

(1)

Hazard Identification

187

(2)

A Model for Assessing Ecological Risks Dose--Response Analysis

189

(3)

EPA's IRIS: A Health Effects Database

192

(1)

Exposure Analysis

192

(1)

Risk Characterization

193

(1)

The Dynamics of Risk Assessment: The Case of Dioxin

194

(1)

Risk Management in Environmental Decision Making: Responding to Risk

195

(11)

The Tasks of Risk Management

195

(2)

Risk Management Strategies

197

(1)

Using Comparative Risks to Communicate the Dangers of Radon

198

(8)

Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making

206

(31)

Identifying and Valuing Environmental Benefits: Conceptual Issues

207

(9)

Defining Incremental Benefits

207

(1)

Incremental Benefit Estimates for Revising U.S. Particulate Matter Standards

208

(1)

Defining Primary and Secondary Environmental Benefits

209

(1)

Conceptually Valuing Environmental Benefits

209

(4)

User versus Existence Value

213

(1)

The Endangered Species Act

214

(2)

Approaches to Measuring Environmental Benefits: An Overview

216

(2)

Physical Linkage Approach to Environmental Benefit Valuation

216

(1)

Behavioral Linkage Approach to Environmental Benefit Valuation

216

(2)

Estimation under the Physical Linkage Approach

218

(4)

The Damage Function Method

218

(3)

Valuing Agricultural Benefits: The Case of Tropospheric Ozone Reductions

221

(1)

Direct Estimation Methods under the Behavioral Linkage Approach

222

(3)

The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)

222

(3)

Indirect Estimation Methods under the Behavioral Linkage Approach

225

(12)

Averting Expenditure Method (AEM): An Indirect Approach Using Substitutes

225

(3)

Travel Cost Method (TCM): An Indirect Approach Using Complements

228

(3)

Hedonic Price Method (HPM): An Indirect Approach Using Product Attributes

231

(6)

Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making

237

(16)

Identifying and Valuing Environmental Costs: Conceptual Issues

238

(5)

Defining Incremental Costs

238

(1)

Explicit Environmental Costs

238

(1)

Implicit Environmental Costs

239

(1)

Conceptually Valuing Environmental Costs

239

(4)

Estimation Methods for Measuring Explicit Costs

243

(2)

The Engineering Approach

243

(1)

The Survey Approach

244

(1)

Cost Classification in Practice

245

(8)

Cost Classifications by Economic Sector

245

(3)

Abatement Control Costs on Motor Vehicles

248

(1)

Cost Classifications by Environmental Media

249

(4)

Benefit--Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making

253

(28)

Adjusting for the Time Dimension of Environmental Benefits and Costs

254

(6)

Present Value Determination

255

(2)

Inflation Correction

257

(1)

A Summary of Deriving Time-Adjusted Benefits and Costs

258

(1)

An Example: Time-Adjusted Incremental Benefits

259

(1)

The Final Analysis: Comparing Environmental Benefits and Costs

260

(3)

Step One: Determining Feasibility

261

(1)

Step Two: Decision Rules to Select among Feasible Options

262

(1)

Reservations about the Use of Benefit--Cost Analysis

263

(1)

Measurement Problems

263

(1)

Equity Issues

264

(1)

U.S. Government Support of Benefit--Cost Analysis

264

(7)

Benefits, Costs, and Risk Analysis in Environmental Rulemaking

265

(1)

Executive Order 12291: Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)

266

(3)

Executive Order 12866: Economic Analysis (EA)

269

(2)

A Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA): Reducing Lead in Gasoline

271

(10)

Estimating the Incremental Benefits of the Lead Standard Proposal

271

(2)

Estimating the Incremental Costs of the Lead Standard Proposal

273

(1)

Putting It All Together: Benefit-Cost Analysis

274

(1)

The Final Decision

275

(6)

PART FOUR The Case of Air

281

(128)

Defining Air Quality: The Standard-Setting Process

283

(39)

An Overview of Air Quality Legislation in the United States

284

(6)

In the Beginning

285

(1)

California Smog and the Automobile Industry

286

(3)

Current U.S. Policy

289

(1)

Defining the Objectives of Air Quality Control

290

(2)

Identifying Major Air Pollutants

290

(2)

Setting Standards as a National Definition of Air Quality

292

(1)

Standards for Criteria Air Pollutants

292

(1)

Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

293

(1)

Establishing an Infrastructure to Implement the Standards

293

(6)

State Implementation Plans

293

(2)

Air Quality Control Regions

295

(1)

Reclassification of AQCRs to Protect ``Clean Air Areas''

295

(1)

1990 Reclassification of Nonattainment Areas by Criteria Pollutant

296

(1)

Monitoring Air Quality across Regions

296

(2)

Market Incentives to Phase Out Lead Emissions

298

(1)

Economic Analysis of U. S. Air Quality Policy

299

(1)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Clean Air Act

300

(9)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Pre-1990 Clean Air Act

300

(5)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the 1990 Amendments

305

(4)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Air Quality Standards

309

(13)

Absence of Cost Consideration in the Standard-Setting Process

309

(1)

The Inequities of Air Pollution---Who Suffers More?

310

(2)

Uniformity of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

312

(10)

Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile and Stationary Sources

322

(48)

Urban Air Pollution: An Important Policy Motivation

324

(4)

Measuring U.S. Urban Air Quality

324

(1)

Urban Smog

325

(2)

Mexico City's Serious Smog Problem

327

(1)

Controlling Mobile Sources

328

(5)

The ``Big Three'' Form a Research Consortium in the 1990s.

329

(1)

A Brief Retrospective on Motor Vehicle Emission Controls

330

(1)

Current U.S. Controls on Motor Vehicles and Fuels

330

(2)

Changing Fuels for America's Automobiles: The Pros and Cons

332

(1)

Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls

333

(9)

The Absence of Benefit--Cost Analysis: An Inefficient Decision Rule

334

(1)

Uniformity of Auto Emissions Standards

335

(3)

Inherent Bias against New versus Used Automobiles

338

(1)

Implications of Clean Fuel Alternatives

339

(1)

The ``Cash for Clunkers'' Program

340

(1)

Are Fuel-Based Control Strategies Cost-Effective Solutions?

341

(1)

Controlling Stationary Sources

342

(7)

Age-Specific Control Differences: New versus Existing Sources

343

(2)

Location-Specific Control Differences: PSD versus Nonattainment Areas

345

(1)

Controlling Acidic Deposition

346

(3)

Economic Analysis of Stationary Source Controls

349

(21)

The Relative Cost of Using Command-and-Control Instruments

349

(2)

Uniform Technology-Based NSPS

351

(4)

The Dual-Control Approach and the New Source Bias

355

(2)

The Economics of Market-Based Trading Programs

357

(13)

Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Global Warming

370

(39)

The Problem of Ozone Depletion

371

(2)

Searching for the Causes of Ozone Depletion

371

(2)

Controlling Ozone Depletion

373

(5)

International Agreements to Control Ozone Depletion

373

(2)

U.S. Policy to Control Ozone Depletion

375

(3)

An Economic Analysis of U.S. Policy on Ozone Depletion

378

(4)

Searching for Alternatives to CFCs: The Corporate Response

381

(1)

The Problem of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming

382

(5)

Understanding the Potential Problem

382

(1)

Scientific Uncertainty

383

(2)

Predicting the Potential Effects of Global Warming

385

(2)

The Policy Response to Global Warming

387

(5)

The International Response

387

(2)

The U.S. Response

389

(1)

Investigating Market-Based Policy Options

390

(1)

The EPA's ``Green Lights Program''

391

(1)

Economic Analysis of Global Warming Control Policies

392

(17)

Estimating the Benefits of Controlling Global Warming: Two Opposing Views

393

(2)

An Economic Model of the Market Failure

395

(2)

Evaluating Market-Based Policies

397

(1)

Environmental Least-Cost Planning: Utilities Learn the Economics of Pricing Pollution

398

(2)

The Btu Tax: A Market-Based Energy Proposal

400

(9)

PART FIVE The Case of Water

409

(110)

Defining Water Quality: The U.S. Clean Water Act

411

(39)

Understanding Water Resources for Policy Development

412

(5)

Identifying Water Resources and Their Interdependence

412

(3)

Targeting Water Quality Policy

415

(1)

Deterioration and Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay

416

(1)

Setting the Policy Agenda

417

(1)

Water Quality Legislation in the United States: An Overview

417

(6)

Early U. S. Water Quality Laws

418

(1)

Evolving toward Today's Policy Position

419

(1)

U.S. Policy to Protect Ocean Waters

420

(2)

The Clean Water Action Plan

422

(1)

Policy Objectives under the Clean Water Act

423

(4)

The Zero Discharge Goal

424

(1)

The Fishable--Swimmable Goal

424

(1)

No Toxics in Toxic Amounts

424

(1)

The Ecological and Economic Impacts of Oil Tanker Spills

425

(1)

Identifying Pollutants under the Clean Water Act

425

(2)

Defining Water Quality: Standard Setting under the Clean Water Act

427

(2)

Use Designation

427

(1)

Water Quality Criteria

427

(2)

Analysis of Receiving Water Quality Standards

429

(5)

Administrative Problems in Establishing Water Quality Criteria

430

(1)

Absence of Benefit--Cost Analysis in Setting the Standards

430

(2)

How Much Is Cleaner Water Worth to Marine Sportfishing?

432

(1)

Lack of Consistency with the Technology-Based Effluent Limitations

432

(2)

Benefit--Cost Analysis of U.S. Water Quality Control Policy

434

(16)

Benefit--Cost Analysis of the FWPCA of 1972

435

(4)

Advances in Benefit--Cost Analysis of U.S. Water Quality Policy

439

(11)

Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources

450

(36)

Controlling Point Sources: Effluent Limitations

451

(2)

An Overview of the Effluent Limits and National Permits

451

(1)

Technology-Based Effluent Limitations for Direct Industrial Dischargers

452

(1)

Analysis of Effluent Limitations on Point Sources

453

(6)

Administrative Delays

454

(1)

Imprecise and Inconsistent Definitions

454

(1)

Toxic Fish Consumption: Are the Risks Equitable?

455

(1)

Meeting the Zero Discharge Goal

456

(1)

The Absence Economic Decision Rules

456

(3)

Waste Treatment Management and the POTW Program

459

(1)

The Pre-1987 Federal Grant Program

460

(1)

Shift to the State Revolving Fund (SRF) Program in 1987

460

(1)

Analysis of the POTW Funding Program

460

(5)

Assessing the Accomplishments Attributable to Federal Subsidies

461

(1)

Inefficiencies in the Grant Program

462

(1)

The POTW Grant Program: Displacement of Local Funding

463

(1)

Equity Implications

464

(1)

Controlling Nonpoint Sources

465

(2)

The EPA's Nonpoint Source Agenda for the Future

466

(1)

Analysis of Controls on Nonpoint Sources

467

(4)

Delegating Control to the States: The Pros

467

(1)

Delegating Control to the States: The Cons

468

(1)

Analyzing the Federal Role in Nonpoint Source Controls

469

(2)

Proposals for Reform: Using the Market

471

(15)

Market Approaches to Point Source Pollution

471

(1)

Germany's Effluent Charge System

472

(4)

Market Approaches to Nonpoint Source Pollution

476

(10)

Protecting Drinking Water: The U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act

486

(33)

The Evolution of U. S. Safe Drinking Water Legislation

487

(3)

Setting Standards to Protect Drinking Water

487

(2)

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974

489

(1)

The Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1986

489

(1)

The Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1996

490

(1)

Objectives of the Safe Drinking Water Act

490

(5)

Who Regulates the Quality of Bottled Water?

492

(2)

Pesticides and Other Agrichemicals in U. S. Groundwater

494

(1)

Pollutants Controlled under the Safe Drinking Water Act

494

(1)

Setting Standards to Define Safe Drinking Water

495

(4)

Establishing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

495

(3)

Strengthening Controls on Lead Contamination of Water Supplies

498

(1)

Current Status of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs)

499

(1)

Establishing National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations

499

(1)

Analysis of U.S. Safe Drinking Water Policy

499

(9)

The Federal Role: Setting the Standards

501

(3)

The Regulatory Impact Analysis(RIA) for the New Lead Standard in Drinking Water

504

(2)

The State and Local Role: Compliance and Enforcement

506

(2)

Economic Principles in Pricing Water supplies

508

(11)

An International Comparison

508

(1)

Pricing Practices of U.S. Water Utilities

509

(10)

PART SIX The Case of Solid Wastes and Toxic Substances

519

(102)

Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites

521

(38)

Characterizing the Hazardous Waste Problem

522

(5)

The Magnitude and Source of the Problem

522

(3)

The Hazardous Waste Site Called Love Canal

525

(2)

The Evolution of U.S. Solid Waste Policy

527

(5)

Federal Recognition of the Solid Waste Problem

527

(1)

Developing Policy to Control the Risks of Hazardous Wastes

527

(4)

Hazardous Wastes from leaking Underground Storage Tanks

531

(1)

Controlling Hazardous Wastes: RCRA

532

(3)

The ``Cradle-to-Grave'' Management Approach

532

(2)

Moving toward Pollution Prevention

534

(1)

Analysis of U.S. Hazardous Waste Policy

535

(10)

Risk-Based, Uniform Rules of Identification

535

(1)

Benefit-Based, Uniform Standards

536

(1)

Failures of the Manifest System

536

(2)

Market Implications of the 1984 Land Restrictions

538

(3)

INFORM's Study of Industrial Source Reduction Activities

541

(3)

Market Instruments in Hazardous Waste Control Policy

544

(1)

Using the Market to Control Hazardous Wastes

545

(1)

Managing Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites: CERCLA

545

(4)

Response and Cleanup

546

(2)

Compensation, Liability, and Enforcement

548

(1)

Emergency Planning

548

(1)

An Analysis of Superfund

549

(10)

Assessing Superfund's Performance

549

(1)

What's Wrong with Superfund?

550

(9)

Managing Municipal Solid Waste

559

(32)

Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste

560

(1)

Observing a Trend

560

(1)

The Composition of MSW in the United States

561

(7)

International Comparisons

563

(2)

The Facts on Recycling Plastics

565

(3)

The Policy Response: An Overview

568

(3)

States' Responsibilities

568

(1)

State Recycling Goals: New Jersey's Solid Waste Initiative

569

(1)

Federal Responsibilities

569

(1)

Germany's Green Dot Program

570

(1)

The Current Policy Direction

571

(1)

Modeling the Market for MSW Management Services

571

(6)

The Supply of MSW Services

572

(1)

The Demand for MSW Services

573

(1)

Resource Misallocation in the Market for MSW Services

574

(2)

Garbage or Resource? The Case of Scrap Tires

576

(1)

A Market Approach to MSW Policy

577

(14)

Back-End or Waste-End Charges

578

(2)

Front-End or Retail Disposal Charges

580

(1)

``Bag-and-Tag'' Systems: An Alternative to Seattle's Per-Can Pricing Scheme

581

(2)

Deposit/Refund Systems

583

(8)

Controlling Toxic Chemicals: Production, Use, and Disposal

591

(30)

An Overview of U.S. Pesticide Controls: FIFRA

592

(5)

A Brief Retrospective

592

(1)

Controlling New Pesticides through Registration

593

(1)

Pesticide Cancellation: The Case of Ethylene Dibromide

594

(1)

Controlling Existing Pesticides through Reregistration

595

(1)

Solving the Delaney Clause Dilemma

596

(1)

Analysis of FIFRA

597

(2)

Risk--Benefit Analysis under FIFRA

597

(1)

Problems in Risk Assessment

598

(1)

A New Policy Direction

599

(1)

An Overview of U.S. Legislation on Toxic Substances: TSCA

599

(3)

The Policy Response to Chemical Risks

599

(1)

Controlling the Introduction of New Chemicals

600

(2)

Controlling Existing Chemicals in Use

602

(1)

Analysis of TSCA

602

(2)

Risk--Benefit Analysis under TSCA

602

(1)

Bias against New Chemical Introductions

603

(1)

A New Policy Direction

604

(1)

An Economic Analysis of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxics Policy

604

(17)

Cost Analysis of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxic Control Policies

604

(4)

Benefits of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxic Substance Control Policies

608

(2)

Evaluating the Evidence

610

(4)

Hazardous Waste Sites: Are the Risks Disproportionate?

614

(7)

PART SEVEN Environmental Management in Transition

621

(36)

Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development

623

(34)

Sustainable Development

624

(8)

Revisiting the Materials Balance Model

625

(1)

A Short-Term Policy Approach

626

(1)

Moving toward the Long Run: Sustainable Development

627

(1)

The Potential Conflict between Economic Gain and Environmental Quality

628

(3)

Industrial Ecosystems: When a Bad Becomes a Good

631

(1)

Pollution Prevention

632

(5)

Moving toward Pollution Prevention: U.S. Laws and Directives

633

(1)

Strategies to Implement Pollution Prevention

633

(1)

The Corporate Experience

634

(1)

Economic Analysis of Pollution Prevention

635

(2)

International Cooperative Arrangements

637

(7)

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

638

(1)

International Agreements to Control Transboundary Pollution

639

(2)

International Trade Agreements and Environmental Protection

641

(1)

The London Dumping Convention (LDC): An International Agreement on Ocean Dumping Rules

642

(2)

Domestic Partnerships

644

(4)

Government-Sponsored Partnerships

645

(1)

Cooperative Arrangements within Industry

646

(1)

An Industry's Response to Pollution Prevention:The Chemical Manufacturers Association's ``Responsible Care Program''

647

(1)

Education and Technology Transfer

648

(9)

Environmental Literacy

648

(1)

Information and Technology Transfer

649

(8)

References

657

(24)

Glossary

681

(10)

Index

691

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Environmental Economics and Management Theory, Policy, and Applications, Updated

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials