Environmental Planning in the Netherlands: Too Good to be True: From Command-and-Control Planning to Shared Governance

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ISBN: 9780754638452 | 0754638456
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/28/2003

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The Netherlands is one of the most prominent and innovative countries in the field of environmental planning. Over the past decade, its government has introduced such ground-breaking schemes as Integrated Environmental Zoning, the City Environment Project, the Bubble Concept and new approaches to coping with noise, odours, soil pollution, air pollution and safety issues. However, at present, little is known of these policies in the international arena. In 'Environmental Planning in the Netherlands: Too Good to be True', Gert de Roo provides a valuable overview and critical analysis of recent Dutch environmental planning.

List of Figures

List of Tables

xiii

Preface

xiv

Introduction

Conflicts, Decision-Making and Complexity in Environmental Planning

Enschede, 13 May 2000

(1)

Reservations about Command-and-Control Planning

(4)

Conflicts and Decision-Making as Subjects for Study

(3)

Environmental/Spatial Conflicts as Material and Administrative Objects

(1)

Environmental and Spatial Decision-Making as an Administrative Object

(1)

Complexity as the Basis for Theoretical Reflection

(2)

Towards a Complexity-Related Theoretical Perspective for Planning

(1)

Reader's Guide

(7)

PART A: ENVIRONMENTAL/SPATIAL CONFLICTS IN A CHANGING CONTEXT

Externalities and the `Grey' Environment

Environmental/Spatial Conflict in the Context of Environmental Encroachment

Introduction

(2)

The `Grey' Environment as a Coherent Concept

(2)

A Problem Chain for the `Grey' Environment

(2)

Environmental Health and Hygiene in an Urban Context

(5)

Pollution, Depletion and Damage

(2)

The Effects of Pollution on Humans

(1)

Characteristics of Environmental Pollution

(2)

Local Environmental Conflict as a Policy Theme

(7)

Disturbance

(2)

Dispersion

(1)

Acidification

(2)

Evaluating the Grey Environment

(6)

Sustainability

(2)

Liveability

(2)

Appraisal, Responsibility and Management/Control

(2)

Environmental/Spatial Conflict and Environmental Health and Hygiene

(8)

The Compact City

A Concept of Overexpectation

Introduction

(1)

The Concept of the Compact City

(5)

The Compact City as a Spatial Concept

(3)

The Compact City as a Concept for Sustainable Development

(1)

Density versus Sustainability

(1)

Clustering, Growth and Contour Planning

(11)

Clustering by Consensus

(2)

Planning by Contours

(2)

A Distribution Formula for Growth

(4)

The Changing Intraurban Environment

(2)

Environmental Conflict in the Compact City

(10)

Scale, Area, Distance and Location

(2)

Conflict Locations

(7)

Conclusion

(11)

PART B: COMPLEXITY AND PLURIFORMITY

Planning-Oriented Action in a Theoretical Perspective

Complexity and Pluriformity

Introduction

(2)

Environmental/Spatial Conflict as a Planning Object

(3)

A Pluriform Approach to Planning

(4)

A Changing View of Planning: the Dutch Perspective

(2)

A Pluriform Perspective

(1)

What, How and Who

(1)

A Comprehensive, Coherent Vision of Planning-Oriented Action

(4)

Goal-Directed Action from a Systems-Theory Perspective

102

(6)

The Systems-Theory Approach to Planning

102

(3)

Effects of Planning

105

(1)

Single and Multiple Objectives

105

(2)

Context

107

(1)

Rational Theories for Decision-Led Action

108

(7)

Rationality as the Basis for Planning

109

(1)

Limitations of the Functional-Rational Model

110

(2)

Objective Knowledge and Intersubjective Interaction

112

(1)

Communicative Rationality

113

(2)

Institution-Oriented Action: Interaction and Networking

115

(10)

The Awareness of Intersubjective Conduct

115

(2)

Actors and their Role in Organisational Relationships

117

(2)

Institutional Networks

119

(2)

Three Theoretical Perspectives on Governance

121

(4)

Complexity as a Criterion for Planning-Oriented Action

125

(10)

Complexity and the Discourse on Planning Theory

125

(2)

Objective and Intersubjective Evaluation of Complexity

127

(3)

A Systems-Theory Perception of Complexity

130

(2)

Complexity Theory as an Explanation for Development and `Progress'

132

(3)

Towards a Coherent Theoretical Framework for Planning-Oriented Action

135

(11)

The Contingency Approach: a Goal-Led Approach to Decision-Led Action

135

(2)

Interaction: an Institutional Orientation towards Decision-Based Action

137

(1)

Friedmann's Typology of Allocative Planning Styles

138

(2)

A Functional Framework for Planning-Oriented Action

140

(6)

Conclusion

146

(13)

PART C: INTERACTION AND CHANGING GOALS IN AREA-SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

The Standardisation and Institutionalisation of Environmental Policy

From a Technically Sound Policy to Policy Based on Shared Governance

Introduction

159

(2)

The 1970s and the `Limits to Growth'

161

(12)

The Priority Policy Document on Pollution Control: Standards as a Foundation of Policy

162

(2)

The 1976 Policy Document on Ambient Environmental Standards (PDAES)

164

(1)

The Noise Abatement Act: a Centralised Policy Framework for Defining Standards

165

(3)

Soil, Odour and Risk Standards

168

(5)

Integration: the Buzzword of the 1980s

173

(12)

Environmental Policy Integration Plan

175

(1)

More than the Sum of its Parts

176

(3)

Formal Steps Taken in the Indicative Long-Term Programme for the Environment, 1985-1989

179

(3)

NMP-1: a Window on the 1990s

182

(3)

Area-Specific Environmental Policy: Aversion and Euphoria

185

(33)

The Third Track

186

(4)

Integrated Environmental Zoning

190

(13)

The ROM Designated-Areas Policy

203

(11)

From `Technically Sound to Consensus-Based ...'

214

(4)

Hierarchic Governance versus Local Initiative

218

(22)

The First Steps towards a Structural, Decentralised and Flexible Environmental Policy

219

(5)

City & Environment: Standards, Compensation and Local Creativity

224

(4)

Odour Policy: Varied According to Complexity

228

(1)

Soil: from a Multifunctional to a Function-Oriented Approach

229

(7)

Noise Policy: Directional, Locally Justified and Area-Specific

236

(4)

Conclusion

240

(19)

A Decision-Making Model Based on Complexity

Pilot Projects in Integrated Environmental Zoning as a Source of Inspiration

Prelude

259

(1)

A Model for Decision-Oriented Action

260

(4)

The IBO Model Adapted for the VS-IMZ Discussion

264

(6)

Quality

265

(1)

Rigidity

266

(1)

Spatial-Functional Perspective

267

(1)

Temporal Perspective

268

(1)

Relational Perspective

269

(1)

Complexity and Decision-Making in Relation to the IMZ Pilot Projects

270

(16)

Conclusion

286

(3)

Liveability on the Banks of the IJ

Environmental Policy of the City of Amsterdam

Introduction

289

(1)

Liveability as a Policy Philosophy

290

(2)

Liveability and Integrated Area-Specific Policy

292

(2)

The IJ Riverbank Project

294

(4)

The Environmental Performance System

298

(2)

Houthavens: Environment and Spatial Structure

300

(2)

Houthavens versus Westpoort

302

(2)

Noise Zones surrounding the Westpoort Area

304

(3)

Other Forms of Pollution Originating at Westpoort

307

(4)

Risk

308

(1)

Dust

308

(1)

Odour

309

(2)

Conclusion

311

(10)

From `Command-and-Control' Planning to Shared Governance

Final Observations on the Link between Complexity and Decision-Making in Environmental Planning

The Heart of the Matter: Straightforward and Complex Issues

321

(1)

Complexity and the Environmental/Spatial Conflict

322

(2)

The Relationship between the Conflict, Complexity and the Decision-Maker

324

(1)

The Significance of Complexity from a Systems-Theory Perspective

325

(3)

`Complexity' from a Planning-Theory Perspective

328

(2)

Complexity, Coherence and Consensus in Environmental Policy

330

(4)

Environmental Policy at the Local Level: towards Shared Governance?

334

(2)

Conclusion

336

(3)

References

339

(42)

Abbreviations

381

(2)

Legislation

383

(2)

Index

385

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Environmental Planning in the Netherlands: Too Good to be True: From Command-and-Control Planning to Shared Governance

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials