Environmental Science and Technology Concepts and Applications

, by Spellman, Frank R.; Whiting, Nancy E.

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ISBN: 9780865870178 | 0865870179
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/2/2006

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Designed for both professional and student use, the new Second Edition includes recent improvements in the application of new technologies and materials on the environment. It also places greater emphasis on the three environmental media of air, water, and soil and discusses how technology can be used to mitigate contamination of all three.

Preface to Second Edition

Part I: Introduction: Fundamentals---Energy, Materials Balance, and Units of Measurement

(254)

Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection

(24)

Introduction

(1)

What Is Environmental Science?

(2)

Terminology

(3)

Science and Environmental Science

(4)

Case Study 1.1: Salmon and the Rachel River

(4)

Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection

(9)

Case Study 1.2: Passenger Pigeons, Heath Hens, and Attwater's Prairie Chicken

(4)

Case Study 1.3: The Amish and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

(3)

When Properly Connected, Science and Technology Offer Solutions

(4)

Case Study 1.4: Transnational Corporations and Environmental Pollution

(3)

Environmental Science: The Fundamentals

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Biogeochemical Cycles

(5)

Carbon Cycle

(1)

Nitrogen Cycle

(1)

Phosphorus Cycle

(1)

Sulfur Cycle

(1)

Energy Flow through an Ecosystem and the Biosphere

(5)

Materials Balance

(2)

Energy Flow in the Biosphere

(1)

Energy Flow in the Ecosystem

(2)

Units of Measurement

(9)

Units of Mass

(1)

Units of Length

(1)

Units of Volume

(1)

Units of Temperature

(1)

Units of Pressure

(1)

Units Often Used in Environmental Studies

(4)

Environmental Chemistry

(76)

Introduction

(1)

What Is Chemistry?

(1)

Elements and Compounds

(1)

Classification of Elements

(1)

Physical and Chemical Changes

(1)

The Structure of the Atom

(1)

Periodic Classification of the Elements

(1)

Molecules and Ions

(1)

Chemical Bonding

(1)

Chemical Formulas and Equations

(1)

Molecular Weights, Formulas, and the Mole

(1)

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

(1)

States of Matter

(1)

The Gas Laws

(1)

Liquids and Solutions

(1)

Thermal Properties

(1)

Specific Heat

(1)

Acid + Bases ⇒ Salts

(2)

pH Scale

(1)

Organic Chemistry

(2)

Organic Compounds

(1)

Hydrocarbons

(1)

Environmental Chemistry

(60)

Water Chemistry Fundamentals

(21)

Earth's Atmosphere: ``A Flask without Walls''

(17)

Soil Chemistry

102

(21)

Environmental Biology

123

(66)

Introduction

126

(1)

Microbiology

126

(2)

Classification

127

(1)

The Cell

128

(2)

Cell Structure

129

(1)

Bacteria

130

(8)

How Well Do We Know Bacteria?

131

(1)

Shapes, Forms, Sizes, and Arrangements of Bacterial Cells

131

(1)

Bacterial Cell Surface Structures and Cell Inclusions

132

(4)

Chemical Composition

136

(1)

Metabolism

136

(1)

Classification

137

(1)

Viruses

138

(1)

Bacteriophage

138

(1)

Fungi

139

(5)

Classification

140

(1)

Identification

140

(2)

Cultivation of Fungi

142

(1)

Reproduction

142

(2)

Nutrition and Metabolism

144

(1)

Algae

144

(3)

Definition of Terminology

144

(1)

Algae---Description

145

(1)

Characteristics Used in Classifying Algae

145

(1)

Algal Cell Wall

146

(1)

Chlorophyll

147

(1)

Motility

147

(1)

Algal Nutrition

147

(1)

Algal Reproduction

147

(1)

Characteristics of Algal Divisions

147

(3)

Chlorophyta (Green Algae)

147

(1)

Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)

148

(1)

Chrysophyta (Golden Brown Algae)

148

(1)

Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

149

(1)

Rhodophyta (Dionflagellates)

149

(1)

Case Study 4.1: Airborne Particulate Matter

149

(1)

Protozoa and Other Microorganisms

150

(8)

Case Study 4.2: Activated Biosolids Process (Wastewater Treatment)

152

(6)

Enzymes

158

(6)

Nature of Enzymes

159

(1)

Action of Enzymes

160

(1)

Efficiency, Specificity, and Classification of Enzymes

160

(1)

Affect of Environment on Enzyme Activity

160

(4)

Metabolic Transformations

164

(14)

General Metabolism

164

(3)

Glycolysis

167

(1)

Krebs Cycle

167

(1)

Electron Transport System (ETS)

168

(2)

Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Metabolism

170

(1)

Microbial Nutrition

170

(1)

Nutrition

171

(1)

Bacterial Growth

172

(1)

Bacterial Growth Curve

172

(2)

Temperature

174

(2)

176

(1)

Water Availability

177

(1)

Oxygen

178

(1)

Pathogenicity

178

(11)

Causal Factors for Transmission of Disease

180

(2)

Case Study 4.3: First Gulf War and Water Treatment

182

(2)

Parasites and Pathogens

184

(1)

Control of Disease

185

(1)

Case Study 4.4: West Nile Virus

185

(4)

Environmental Toxicology

189

(10)

Introduction

190

(1)

Dose-Response

191

(2)

Environmental Toxicology: Practical Applications

193

(6)

Case Study 5.1: Biotic Index

194

(5)

Environmental Geology and Groundwater Hydrology

199

(16)

Introduction

200

(1)

What Is Geology?

201

(1)

Formation and Types of Rocks

202

(1)

Formation of Soil

202

(4)

Case Study 6.1: Doing Dirt

205

(1)

Soil Characteristics

206

(1)

Soil Profile

207

(2)

Functions of Soil

209

(2)

Groundwater Hydrology

211

(4)

Environmental Sampling and Analyses

215

(16)

Introduction

217

(1)

Environmental Sampling and Analyses: What's It All About?

217

(1)

General Considerations for a Sampling Program

218

(7)

Case Study 7.1: Sydney, Australia

221

(4)

General Evaluation Methods for Environmental Media

225

(6)

Ambient Air Quality Evaluation

225

(1)

Soil and Groundwater Quality Evaluation

226

(5)

Technology and the Environment

231

(24)

Introduction

233

(2)

The Impact of Technology on Air Quality

235

(9)

Carbon Monoxide

236

(1)

Ozone

236

(1)

Sulfur Dioxide

237

(1)

Lead

238

(1)

Toxic Chemicals

238

(1)

Case Study 8.1: Xenoestrogens and Estrogen Dominance

238

(3)

Airborne Particulate Matter

241

(1)

Acidic Deposition

242

(2)

Sources of Water Pollution

244

(6)

Oxygen-Demanding Wastes

244

(1)

Disease-Causing Wastes

245

(1)

Toxic and Hazardous Substances

245

(1)

Case Study 8.2: Persistent Pesticide Exposure

245

(1)

Sediments

246

(1)

Case Study 8.3: What's Wrong with the Chesapeake Bay?

247

(2)

Thermal Pollution

249

(1)

Plant Nutrients

249

(1)

Persistent Substances

250

(1)

Radioactive Substances

250

(1)

Sources of Soil Pollution

250

(5)

Case Study 8.4: Pollution Rules and Military Preparedness

251

(4)

Part II: Air Quality

255

(106)

The Atmosphere---Basic Air Quality

257

(20)

Introduction

259

(1)

The Atmosphere

260

(14)

The Atmosphere: Chemical Composition

260

(1)

The Atmosphere: Structure

261

(4)

Case Study 9.1: Albedo

265

(1)

Earth's Heat Balance

265

(1)

The Atmosphere: Motion

266

(1)

Causes of Air Motion

267

(4)

Local and World Air Circulation

271

(1)

Case Study 9.2: Blowing in the Wind . . .

272

(2)

Basic Air Quality

274

(3)

Meteorology

277

(10)

Introduction

278

(2)

Case Study 10.1: Shenk's Ferry: A Microclimate in Action

279

(1)

Meteorology: The Science of Weather

280

(3)

Case Study 10.2: El Nino

281

(1)

The Sun: The Weather Generator

281

(1)

Air Masses

282

(1)

Thermal Inversions and Air Pollution

283

(4)

Atmospheric Pollutants

287

(16)

Introduction

289

(1)

Major Air Pollutants

289

(14)

National Ambient Air-Quality Standards

289

(8)

Case Study 11.1: A Battle Is Raging over Yellowstone National Park . . . over Snowmobiling

297

(1)

Particulate Matter

298

(1)

Lead

299

(1)

Case Study 11.2: Take a Deep Breath . . . and Hold It

299

(4)

Atmospheric Air Dispersion

303

(12)

Introduction

305

(1)

The Atmosphere and Meteorology

305

(6)

Weather

305

(6)

Dispersion Models

311

(4)

Atmospheric Change---Global Climate Change

315

(18)

Introduction

317

(1)

Global Warming

317

(8)

Greenhouse Effect

318

(2)

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

320

(1)

Factors Involved with Global Warming/Cooling

321

(1)

How Is Climate Change Measured?

321

(4)

Acid Precipitation

325

(2)

Photochemical Smog

327

(1)

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

328

(5)

Air Pollution Control Technology

333

(28)

Introduction

335

(1)

Air Pollution Control: Choices

336

(3)

Case Study 14.1: Cedar Creek Composting

336

(3)

Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems

339

(1)

Removal of Dry Particulate Matter

340

(6)

Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources

346

(10)

Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Mobile Sources

356

(5)

Part III: Water Quality

361

(114)

Characteristics of Water

363

(30)

Introduction

366

(2)

Water Resources

368

(4)

What Are the Major Sources of Drinking Water?

368

(4)

Case Study 15.1: Real and Artificial Wetlands

372

(2)

Water Use

374

(1)

Characteristics of Water

375

(18)

Physical Characteristics of Water

376

(4)

Chemical Characteristics of Water

380

(6)

Biological Characteristics of Water

386

(7)

Characteristics of Freshwater Bodies

393

(42)

Introduction

396

(2)

Surface Water

398

(13)

Lentic (Standing or Still) Water Systems

400

(1)

Ponds

400

(3)

Lakes

403

(3)

Case Study 16.1: Eutrophication

406

(1)

Special Types of Lakes

406

(1)

Case Study 16.2: The Dead Sea

407

(1)

Classification of Lakes by Impoundments (Shut-ins)

408

(1)

Lake Thermal Stratification and Turnover

409

(2)

Lotic (Flowing) Water Systems

411

(18)

Rivers

411

(2)

Case Study 16.3: Why Do Rivers Flood?

413

(5)

River Habitat

418

(1)

River Water Quality

418

(2)

Case Study 16.4: The Willamette River

420

(5)

Rivers and Self-Purification

425

(2)

Aquatic Organisms and Their Role in Self-Purification

427

(2)

Groundwater

429

(6)

Groundwater Uses and Sources

430

(1)

Aquifers

430

(1)

Groundwater Flow

431

(4)

Water Pollution

435

(22)

Introduction

436

(1)

Case Study 17.1: Donegal Creek Restoration Project, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, DEP Bureau of Watershed Conservation Nonpoint Pollution Control Projects

437

(1)

Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution

437

(6)

Case Study 17.2: Dishonorable Discharge

438

(1)

Industrial Sources of Water Pollution

439

(1)

Case Study 17.3: East Woburn, Massachusetts

440

(3)

Hazardous Waste Disposal

443

(1)

Acid Main Drainage

443

(4)

Case Study 17.4: Acid Mine Drainage and the Berkeley Pit

444

(3)

Agricultural Sources of Surface Water Pollution

447

(5)

Case Study 17.5: The Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Principle

447

(2)

Case Study 17.6: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

449

(3)

Acid Rain

452

(1)

Groundwater Pollution

452

(5)

Water Pollution Control

457

(18)

Introduction

459

(1)

Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA)

459

(1)

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

460

(1)

Effect of Regulations on Preventing Water Pollution

461

(1)

Water Treatment

462

(1)

Wastewater Treatment

462

(4)

Thermal Pollution Treatment

466

(1)

Pollution Control Technology: Underground Storage Tanks

466

(4)

Pollution Control Technology: Groundwater Remediation

470

(5)

Part IV: Soil Quality

475

(68)

Soil Characteristics

477

(16)

Introduction

478

(3)

Soil: What Is It?

481

(1)

Soil Basics

482

(11)

Soil Properties

483

(1)

Case Study 19.1: Alien Invasion

484

(1)

Soil Formation

485

(3)

Case Study 19.2: The Natural Bridge of Virginia

488

(5)

Soil Pollution

493

(14)

Introduction

495

(1)

Surface Origins of Soil Contaminants

495

(5)

Gaseous and Airborne Particulate Pollutants

496

(1)

Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water

497

(1)

Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials

497

(1)

Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoils

497

(1)

Dumps

498

(1)

Salt Spreading on Roads

498

(1)

Animal Feedlots

498

(1)

Fertilizers and Pesticides

499

(1)

Accidental Spills

499

(1)

Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes

500

(1)

Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination

500

(7)

Contamination from Oil Field Sites

500

(1)

Contamination from Chemical Sites

501

(1)

Contamination from Geothermal Sites

501

(1)

Contamination from Manufactured Gas Plants

502

(1)

Contamination from Mining Sites

502

(1)

Contamination from Environmental Terrorism

503

(1)

Case Study 20.1: Brownfields

503

(4)

Soil Pollution Control Technology

507

(36)

Introduction

509

(1)

USTs: The Problem

510

(8)

Corrosion Problems

510

(1)

Faulty Construction

510

(1)

Case Study 21.1 AJ Roundaway Tanks

511

(3)

Faulty Installation

514

(1)

Piping Failures

514

(1)

Spills and Overfills

515

(1)

Case Study 21.2: Human Error

516

(2)

Compatibility of Contents and USTs

518

(1)

Risk Assessment

518

(1)

Exposure Pathways

519

(1)

Remediation of UST-Contaminated Soils

519

(12)

In Situ Technologies

520

(3)

In Situ Biodegradation

523

(3)

In Situ Leaching and Chemical Reaction

526

(1)

In Situ Vitrification

526

(1)

In Situ Passive Remediation

527

(1)

In Situ Isolation/Containment

527

(2)

Case Study 21.3: Innovative Treatment Technologies

529

(2)

Non-In Situ Technologies

531

(12)

Land Treatment

532

(1)

Thermal Treatment

533

(1)

Asphalt Incorporation and Other Methods

534

(2)

Solidification/Stabilization

536

(1)

Chemical Extraction

537

(1)

Excavation

537

(6)

Part V: Solid and Hazardous Wastes

543

(44)

Solid Wastes

545

(12)

Introduction

547

(1)

Case Study 22.1: The Great Circle Route

547

(1)

Solid Waste Regulatory History (United States)

548

(1)

Solid Waste Characteristics

549

(3)

Case Study 22.2: River Cleanup

552

(1)

Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes

552

(5)

Case Study 22.3: Problem Wastes---Tire Disposal

553

(4)

Hazardous Wastes

557

(16)

Introduction

558

(1)

America: A Throwaway Society

559

(1)

What Is a Hazardous Substance? A Hazardous Waste?

559

(3)

Hazardous Material

560

(1)

Hazardous Substances

560

(1)

Extremely Hazardous Substances

561

(1)

Toxic Chemicals

561

(1)

Hazardous Wastes

561

(1)

Case Study 23.1: Spills of Hazardous Materials

561

(1)

Hazardous Chemicals

562

(1)

Again, What Is a Hazardous Substance?

562

(1)

What Is a Hazardous Waste?

563

(4)

EPA Lists of Hazardous Wastes

564

(1)

Case Study 23.2: UK Ends Sea Dumping of Sludge, but Incineration Worries Environmentalists

564

(1)

Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From?

565

(1)

Why Are We Concerned about Hazardous Wastes?

565

(1)

Case Study 23.3: Market Day

566

(1)

Hazardous Waste Legislation

567

(6)

Waste Control Technology

573

(14)

Introduction

574

(1)

Waste Minimization

575

(1)

Substitution of Inputs

575

(1)

Process Modifications

576

(1)

Good Operating Practices

576

(1)

Recycling

576

(1)

Treatment Technologies

577

(3)

Biological Treatment

577

(1)

Thermal Processes

578

(1)

Activated Carbon Sorption

578

(1)

Electrolytic Recovery Techniques

579

(1)

Air Stripping

579

(1)

Stabilization and Solidification

579

(1)

Filtration and Separation

580

(1)

Ultimate Disposal

580

(7)

Deep-Well Injection

580

(1)

Surface Impoundments

581

(1)

Waste Piles

582

(1)

Landfilling

583

(4)

Epilogue: Science and Technology Can Help Achieve a Sustainable Earth

587

(2)

Glossary

589

(26)

Index

615

(10)

About the Authors

625

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Environmental Science and Technology Concepts and Applications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials