Equine Artificial Insemination

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ISBN: 9780851993157 | 085199315X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/9/1999

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Research into equine artificial insemination has recently expanded with increasing horse numbers, the developing leisure interest in horse riding and the realization of the economic advantages of artificial insemination. This book provides a detailed reference book on the subject and covers its historical development, relevant equine physiology, current practices and future possibilities. It is extensively referenced to allow further reading into specialized areas.

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction

(8)

1.1. Introduction

(1)

1.2. Advantages of Artificial Insemination

(4)

1.3. Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination

(3)

1.4. Conclusion

(1)

2. Historical Development and Present Use of Artificial Insemination

(28)

2.1. Introduction

(1)

2.2. Early History of the Technique

(3)

2.3. Decline in the Horse Population and Equine Research

(2)

2.4. Development of Techniques for the Collection of Semen

(3)

2.4.1. Early methods of collection

(1)

2.4.2. Development of the artificial vagina

(2)

2.5. Development of Techniques for the Evaluation of Semen

(1)

2.6. Development of Techniques for the Handling and Storage of Semen

(2)

2.7. Development of Techniques for the Insemination of Semen

(1)

2.8. Present Use of Equine AI

(6)

2.8.1. Regulations governing the use of equine AI

(3)

2.9. Current Reasons for Using Equine AI

(122)

2.9.1. Removal of geographical restrictions

(1)

2.9.2. Reduction in transfer of infection

(1)

2.9.3. Improvement of native stock

(1)

2.9.4. Development of gene banks

(1)

2.9.5. Breeding from difficult mares

(3)

2.9.6. Breeding from difficult stallions

(2)

2.9.7. Reduction in labour costs

(1)

2.10. Conclusion

(2)

3. Stallion Reproductive Anatomy and Control

(41)

3.1. Introduction

(1)

3.2. Stallion Anatomy

(25)

3.2.1. The penis

(4)

3.2.2. Deposition of spermatozoa

(5)

3.2.3. The accessory glands

(4)

3.2.4. The vas deferens

(1)

3.2.5. The epididymis

(2)

3.2.6. The testis

(9)

3.3. Control of Stallion Reproduction

(15)

3.3.1. Commencement of reproductive activity

(1)

3.3.2. Seasonality

(4)

3.3.3. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

(2)

3.3.4. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

(3)

3.3.5. Testicular hormones

(3)

3.3.6. Behavioural control

(1)

3.3.7. Hormonal regulation and control of spermatogenesis

(2)

3.4. Conclusion

(1)

4. Production of Spermatozoa

(73)

4.1. Introduction

(4)

4.2. Seminal Plasma

(6)

4.2.1. Protein

(1)

4.2.2. Glucose

(1)

4.2.3. Sorbitol

(1)

4.2.4. Lactic acid

(1)

4.2.5. Citric acid

(1)

4.2.6. Inositol

(1)

4.2.7. Ergothionine

(1)

4.2.8. Glycerylphosphorylcholine

(1)

4.2.9. Minerals

(1)

4.2.10. Glycosidases

(1)

4.2.11. Additional minor seminal plasma components

(1)

4.2.12. Seminal plasma abnormalities

(1)

4.3. Spermatozoa

(61)

4.3.1. Anatomy

(16)

4.3.2. Spermatogenesis

104

(35)

4.3.3. Metabolism and capacitation

139

(6)

4.3.4. Function of the spermatozoon

145

(1)

4.3.5. Movement of the spermatozoon

146

(3)

4.4. Conclusion

149

(2)

5. Semen Collection

151

(39)

5.1. Introduction

151

(1)

5.2. The Artificial Vagina

151

(15)

5.2.1. The Cambridge and Colorado models

151

(4)

5.2.2. The Nishikawa model

155

(1)

5.2.3. The Missouri model

156

(2)

5.2.4. Alternative models

158

(2)

5.2.5. Preparation and maintenance

160

(6)

5.3. The Condom

166

(1)

5.4. Preparation of the Stallion for Semen Collection

167

(3)

5.5. The Collecting Area

170

(1)

5.6. Sexual Stimulation of the Stallion and Encouragement to Ejaculate

170

(8)

5.6.1. The jump mare and her preparation for use

172

(2)

5.6.2. The dummy mare

174

(4)

5.7. Alternative Methods of Semen Collection

178

(3)

5.7.1. Manual stimulation

178

(1)

5.7.2. Minimal restraint

178

(1)

5.7.3. Collection without mounting

179

(2)

5.8. Collection Procedure

181

(4)

5.9. Frequency of Collection

185

(1)

5.10. Training the Stallion for Collection

186

(3)

5.11. Conclusion

189

(1)

6. Semen Evaluation

190

(44)

6.1. Introduction

190

(1)

6.2. Semen Evaluation as Part of an AI Programme

191

(1)

6.3. General Semen Handling

191

(2)

6.4. Gross Evaluation

193

(9)

6.4.1. Volume

194

(2)

6.4.2. Appearance

196

(5)

6.4.3. Osmolarity

201

(1)

6.4.4. Seminal fluid pH

201

(1)

6.5. Microscopic Evaluation

202

(24)

6.5.1. Motility

203

(5)

6.5.2. Longevity

208

(1)

6.5.3. Concentration

209

(4)

6.5.4. Morphology

213

(6)

6.5.5. Live:dead ratio

219

(2)

6.5.6. Cytology

221

(1)

6.5.7. Bacteriology

221

(4)

6.5.8. Virology

225

(1)

6.5.9. Mycoplasma

226

(1)

6.6. Functional Tests

226

(6)

6.6.1. Biochemical analysis

226

(1)

6.6.2. Membrane integrity tests

227

(1)

6.6.3. Flow cytometry

228

(1)

6.6.4. Filtration assay

228

(1)

6.6.5. Hypo-osmotic stress test

229

(1)

6.6.6. Cervical mucus penetration test

230

(1)

6.6.7. Oviductal epithelial cell explant test

230

(1)

6.6.8. Zona-free hamster ova penetration assay

231

(1)

6.6.9. Heterospermic insemination and competitive fertilization

231

(1)

6.6.10. Hemizona assay

232

(1)

6.6.11. Chromatin analysis

232

(1)

6.7. Sexing Spermatozoa

232

(1)

6.8. Conclusion

233

(1)

7. Semen Storage and Transportation

234

(68)

7.1. Introduction

234

(1)

7.2. Extenders

235

(23)

7.2.1. Historical development

235

(2)

7.2.2. Present use of extenders

237

(1)

7.2.3. Milk and milk-product extenders

238

(4)

7.2.4. Cream-gel extenders

242

(2)

7.2.5. TRIS extenders

244

(1)

7.2.6. Egg yolk extenders

245

(2)

7.2.7. Other major components within extenders

247

(5)

7.2.8. Removal of seminal plasma

252

(6)

7.2.9. Osmolarity

258

(1)

7.2.10. pH

258

(1)

7.3. Fresh or Raw Semen

258

(3)

7.3.1. Extenders for use with fresh semen

259

(1)

7.3.2. Removal of seminal plasma

260

(1)

7.3.3. Dilution rates

260

(1)

7.3.4. Conception rates

260

(1)

7.3.5. Conclusion

261

(1)

7.4. Chilled Semen

261

(15)

7.4.1. Cold shock

262

(4)

7.4.2. Cooling rates

266

(1)

7.4.3. Storage temperature

267

(1)

7.4.4. Length of storage time

268

(1)

7.4.5. Extenders for use with chilled semen

269

(2)

7.4.6. Removal of seminal plasma

271

(1)

7.4.7. Packaging for chilled semen

271

(1)

7.4.8. Methods of transportation

271

(4)

7.4.9. Dilution rates

275

(1)

7.4.10. Conception rates

276

(1)

7.4.11. Conclusion

276

(1)

7.5. Cryopreservation of Semen

276

(25)

7.5.1. Principles

277

(3)

7.5.2. Extenders for use with frozen semen

280

(8)

7.5.3. Removal of seminal plasma

288

(1)

7.5.4. Packaging for frozen semen

289

(3)

7.5.5. Cooling rates

292

(2)

7.5.6. Thawing rates and extenders

294

(1)

7.5.7. Dilution rates

295

(1)

7.5.8. Conception rates

296

(2)

7.5.9. Factors affecting success rates of frozen semen

298

(2)

7.5.10. Conclusion

300

(1)

7.6. Conclusion

301

(1)

8. Mare Insemination

302

(35)

8.1 Introduction

302

(1)

8.2. Selection of Suitable Mares for Insemination

302

(10)

8.2.1. History of the mare

303

(1)

8.2.2. Temperament

303

(1)

8.2.3. General condition

304

(1)

8.2.4. Age

304

(1)

8.2.5. Competence of the reproductive tract

304

(8)

8.3. Preparation of the Mare for Insemination

312

(10)

8.3.1. Manipulation of the oestrous cycle

312

(10)

8.3.2. Veterinary examination

322

(1)

8.3.3. Physical preparation of the mare

322

(1)

8.4. Preparation of Semen for Insemination

322

(7)

8.4.1. Thawing or warming semen

323

(3)

8.4.2. Insemination dose

326

(2)

8.4.3. Insemination volume

328

(1)

8.5. Methods of Insemination

329

(4)

8.5.1. Insemination per vagina

329

(1)

8.5.2. Insemination per rectum

330

(3)

8.6. Factors Affecting the Success of AI

333

(2)

8.6.1. Timing and frequency of insemination

333

(2)

8.7. Conception Rates to AI

335

(1)

8.8. Conclusion

335

(2)

9. Conclusion

337

(5)

References

342

(57)

Index

399

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Equine Artificial Insemination

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