The Essential Guide to Telecommunications

Annabel Z. Dodd is an adjunct faculty member at Northeastern University’s School of Professional Studies where she teaches courses on wireless mobile services and data communications in the master’s degree program in informatics. She was previously an adjunct professor in the master of science program in technology management at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where she taught in a joint program with The Institute of Industrial Policy Studies, Seoul, South Korea. In addition, the Fundación de la Innovación Bankinter selected her to participate in their Future Trends Forum in Madrid in 2004, 2005, and 2007. Formerly in marketing at New England Telephone (now Verizon) and then communications and telecommunications manager at Dennison Manufacturing Company (now Avery Dennison), she consults with major corporations and institutions and gives seminars to organizations worldwide. The Massachusetts Network Communications Council honored her as the Professor of the Year 2000. Since its first edition in 1997, The Essential Guide to Telecommunications has been translated into nine languages worldwide. More information can be found at her website, doddontheline.com.

Part I: Enabling Technologies, Data Centers, and VoIP PBXs 1

Key Underlying Technologies 5

Sending Data in Packets 8

Deep Packet Inspection: Traffic Management and Monitoring 10

Compression 14

Increasing Network Capabilities via Multiplexing 18

Wide Area Network Acceleration and Optimization 20

Using Protocols to Establish a Common Set of Rules 22

Protocols and Layers 24

Cloud Computing 25

Single Servers Functioning as Multiple Servers via Virtualization 35

Network Cabling 38

Summary 44

Appendix 46

Introduction 52

Next-Generation Data Centers: Virtualization and Gigabit Speeds 53

Managing Virtualization 65

Backbone and Individual Local Area Network Structures 69

IP Private Branch Exchange Systems for Internal Use 72

The Technology behind IP Telephony 75

IP Private Branch Exchange Architecture 77

Value-Added Applications for Telephone Systems 87

Summary 100

Appendix 100

Introduction 108

The 1984 Breakup of AT&T 110

Regulatory Issues 117

The State of the Industry 133

Nontraditional Competitors: Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Netflix 150

Appendix 161

The Public Network 167

Long-Haul Networks: The Core 168

Technologies Used in Carrier Networks 171

Convergence in Core and Metropolitan Networks 174

Transporting Movies and TV in the Core 186

Middle-Mile Networks 187

Last-Mile Access Networks 191

Access Networks in Cable Operators’ Networks 201

Telecommunications Services in National Emergencies 205

Signaling 207

Summary 211

Appendix 213

Introduction 216

A Definition of Broadband 218

VoIP Calling Services over Broadband 219

Multi-Protocol Label Switching for Interoffice Connections 223

Internet Protocol Virtual Private Networks over the Internet 229

Securing Transmissions Sent via the Internet 230

Managed Services 235

Using Digital Subscriber Line for Internet Access 239

High-Speed Access via Carrier Gigabit Ethernet 243

T1 and T3: The First Broadband Services for Businesses 246

Private Lines, Network Topology, and Frame Relay 250

Appendix 257

Introduction 262

The Growth of the Internet 264

The Structure of the Internet 267

Security Threats from Internal, External, and International Sources 274

Privacy 278

Video Streamed from the Internet to the Front Room 280

Electronic Commerce 286

Online Community Forums 290

Network Neutrality 292

The Digital Divide: Bandwidth, Skills, and Computers 297

Intranets and Extranets 298

Summary 301

Introduction 306

First-Generation Analog Technologies 308

Finite Spectrum for Wireless Networks 309

Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Generation Digital Networks 321

Fourth-Generation Advanced Mobile Services 332

The Streamlined Infrastructure of Long-Term Evolution Architecture 341

The Microcell Technology of Picocells and Femtocells 350

Handheld Devices and Tablet Computers 353

Applications and Services 360

Wi-Fi Standards, Architecture, and Use in Cellular Networks 365

Satellites 376

Summary 378

Appendix 379

Introduction 388

The Largest Mobile Carriers Worldwide 390

The Asian Market 392

Latin America 401

Sub-Saharan Africa 405

Europe 412

Summary 421

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