Essentials of Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac)

, by Jurmain, Robert; Kilgore, Lynn; Trevathan, Wenda; Nelson, Harry

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ISBN: 9780534614348 | 0534614345
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/18/2003

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This mainstream, concise, four-color physical anthropology text is the best selling text in the brief physical anthropology market. It presents a balanced and thorough introduction to the field of physical anthropology using helpful tables, charts, photo essays, multimedia, and an engaging writing style to bring the study of physical anthropology to life for today's student.

Preface

xix

Supplements

xxii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

(17)

Introduction

(4)

What Is Anthropology

(1)

Cultural Anthropology

(2)

Archaeology

(1)

Linguistic Anthropology

(1)

Physical Anthropology

(5)

Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method

(1)

The Anthropological Perspective

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

(1)

Multimedia Resources

(1)

PHOTA ESSAY Research in Physical Anthropology

(5)

CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

(21)

Introduction

(1)

A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

(12)

The Scientific Revolution

(1)

The Path to Natural Selection

(8)

Natural Selection

(2)

Natural Selection in Action

(2)

Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory

(1)

Opposition to Evolution

(2)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

(1)

Multimedia Resources

(1)

CHAPTER 3 THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS GF LIFE

(20)

Introduction

(1)

The Cell

(2)

DNA Structure

(1)

DNA Replication

(1)

Protein Synthesis

(5)

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

(7)

Mitosis

(2)

Meiosis

(3)

New Frontiers

(2)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

(1)

Multimedia Resources

(1)

CHAPTER 4 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION

(24)

Introduction

(1)

The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel

(4)

Segregation

(1)

Dominance and Recessiveness

(3)

Independent Assortment

(1)

Mendelian Inheritance in Humans

(3)

Misconceptions Regarding Mendelian Traits

(1)

Polygenic Inheritance

(2)

Genetic and Environmental Factors

(1)

Mitochondrial Inheritance

(1)

Modern Evolutionary Theory

(1)

The Modern Synthesis

(1)

Definition of Evolution

(1)

Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation

(4)

Mutation

(1)

Gene Flow

(1)

Genetic Drift

(2)

Recombination

(1)

Natural Selection Acts on Variation

(3)

Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

(1)

Multimedia Resources

(1)

CHAPTER 5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE LIVING PRIMATES

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Primates as Mammals

(1)

Characteristics of Primates

(3)

Primate Adaptations

(6)

Evolutionary Factors

(1)

Geographical Distribution and Habitats

(1)

Diet and Teeth

(1)

Locomotion

(4)

A Survey of the Living Primates

(16)

Primate Taxonomy

(3)

Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises)

102

(2)

Tarsiers

104

(1)

Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)

104

(5)

Hominoids (Apes and Humans)

109

(5)

Humans

114

(1)

Endangered Primates

115

(3)

Summary

118

(1)

Questions for Review

118

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

119

(1)

Multimedia Resources

119

(1)

PHOTO ESSAY Primate Studies: Free-Ranging and Captive Research

120

(1)

CHAPTER 6 PRIMATE BEHAVIOR

121

(33)

Introduction

128

(1)

The Importance of Primate Studies

128

(1)

The Evolution of Behavior

129

(3)

Nonhuman Primate Social Behavior

132

(7)

Dominance

132

(1)

Communication

133

(2)

Aggression

135

(1)

Affiliative Behaviors

136

(3)

Reproduction and Reproductive Strategies

139

(2)

Patterns of Reproduction

139

(16)

Reproductive Strategies

140

(1)

Mothers and Infants

141

(2)

Nonhuman Primate Cultural Behavior

143

(3)

Primate Cognitive Abilities

146

(4)

The Primate Continuum

150

(1)

Summary

151

(1)

Questions for Review

152

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

153

(1)

Multimedia Resources

153

(1)

CHAPTER 7 PROCESSES OF MACROEVOLUTION: MAMMALIAN/PRIMATE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

154

(25)

Introduction

155

(1)

The Human Place in the Organic World

155

(1)

Principles of Classification

155

(4)

Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships

158

(1)

Definition of Species

159

(4)

Interpretation of Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record

161

(2)

Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary

163

(3)

Mammalian Evolution

166

(1003)

Major Mammalian Groups 168 Early Primate Evolution

1169

Miocene Fossil Hominoids

171

(2)

Processes of Macroevolution

173

(4)

Adaptive Radiation

174

(1)

Generalized and Specialized Characteristics

175

(1)

Modes of Evolutionary Change

175

(2)

Summary

177

(1)

Questions for Review

177

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

178

(1)

Multimedia Resources

178

(1)

CHAPTER 8 HOMINID ORIGINS

179

(38)

Introduction

180

(1)

Definition of Hominid

180

(1)

The Bipedal Adaptation

181

(5)

Biocultural-Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture

186

(1)

Paleoanthropology as a Multidisciplinary Science

187

(1)

Dating Methods

188

(3)

Early Hominids from Africa

191

(3)

Earliest Traces

191

(3)

Australopithecus from East Africa

194

(7)

Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar

196

(2)

A Contemporaneous Non-Australopithecine Find?

198

(1)

Later East African Australopithecine Finds

199

(2)

Early Homo

201

(1)

South African Hominids

202

(8)

Earliest Discoveries

202

(2)

Further Discoveries of South African Hominids

204

(2)

Review of Hominids from South Africa

206

(4)

Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?

210

(3)

Continuing Uncertainties-Taxonomic Issues

211

(1)

Putting It All Together

212

(1)

Summary

213

(2)

Questions for Review

215

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

215

(1)

Multimedia Resources

216

(1)

CHAPTER 9 HOMO ERECTUS AND CONTEMPORARIES

217

(25)

Introduction

218

(1)

Homo erectus: Terminology and Geographical Distribution

218

(4)

The Pleistocene (1.8 m.y.a.-10,000 y.a.)

222

(1)

The Morphology of Homo erectus

222

(3)

Brain Size

222

(1)

Body Size

223

(1)

Cranial Shape

223

(2)

Dentition

225

(1)

Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries

225

(11)

Java

225

(1)

Homo erectus from Java

226

(1)

Peking (Beijing)

226

(1)

Zhoukoudian Homo erectus

227

(3)

Other Chinese Sites

230

(1)

East Africa

231

(1)

Summary of East African H. erectus

232

(1)

South Africa

233

(1)

North Africa

233

(1)

Europe

234

(2)

Technological and Population Trends in the Middle Pleistocene

236

(3)

Technological Trends

236

(2)

Population Trends

238

(1)

Summary

239

(1)

Questions for Review

240

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

241

(1)

Multimedia Resources

241

(1)

CHAPTER 10 NEANDERTALS AND OTHER ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS

242

(33)

Introduction

243

(1)

Early Archaic H. sapiens

243

(6)

Africa

244

(1)

Asia

244

(1)

Europe

245

(4)

A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution (circa 400,000-125,000 y.a.)

249

(1)

Middle Pleistocene Culture

250

(3)

Neandertals: Late Archaic H. sapiens (130,000-35,000 y.a.)

253

(10)

France and Spain

256

(2)

Central Europe

258

(1)

Western Asia

259

(4)

Central Asia

263

(1)

Culture of Neandertals

263

(5)

Technology

263

(1)

Settlements

264

(1)

Subsistence

264

(1)

Symbolic Behavior

265

(2)

Burials

267

(1)

Genetic Evidence

268

(1)

Evolutionary Trends in the Genus Homo

268

(3)

Taxonomic Issues

270

(1)

Summary

271

(2)

Questions for Review

273

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

274

(1)

Multimedia Resources

274

(1)

CHAPTER 11 HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS

275

(26)

Introduction

276

(1)

The Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens (Anatomically Modern Human Beings)

276

(4)

The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)

277

(2)

The Partial Replacement Model

279

(1)

The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)

279

(1)

The Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Discoveries

280

(9)

Africa

280

(1)

The Near East

280

(3)

Central Europe

283

(1)

Western Europe

284

(2)

Asia

286

(1)

Australia

286

(3)

Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic

289

(9)

Europe

289

(8)

Africa

297

(1)

Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture

298

(1)

Summary

298

(1)

Questions for Review

299

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

300

(1)

Multimedia Resources

300

(1)

CHAPTER 12 HUMAN VARIATION AND ADAPTATION

301

(30)

Introduction

302

(1)

Historical Views of Human Variation

302

(2)

The Concept of Race

304

(3)

Racism

307

(1)

Intelligence

308

(1)

Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation

308

(4)

Human Polymorphisms

308

(3)

Polymorphisms at the DNA Level

311

(1)

Human Biocultural Evolution

312

(2)

Population Genetics

314

(1)

The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation

315

(12)

Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Color

316

(3)

The Thermal Environment

319

(3)

High Altitude

322

(2)

Infectious Disease

324

(3)

The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease

327

(1)

Summary

328

(1)

Questions for Review

329

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

330

(1)

Multimedia Resources

330

(1)

PHOTO ESSAY Paleopatholoy: Diseases and Injuries of Bone

331

(6)

CHAPTER 13 THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE HUMAN LIFE COURSE

337

(20)

Introduction

338

(1)

Fundamentals of Growth and Development

339

(1)

Nutritional Requirements for Growth

340

(2)

Other Factors Influencing Growth and Development

342

(2)

Genetics

342

(1)

Hormones

343

(1)

Environmental Factors

343

(1)

The Human Life Cycle

344

(7)

Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy

345

(2)

Childhood

347

(1)

Adolescence

348

(1)

Adulthood

348

(1)

Aging

349

(1)

Human Longevity

350

(1)

Individuals, Society, and Evolution

351

(3)

Summary

354

(1)

Questions for Review

355

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

356

(1)

Multimedia Resources

356

(1)

CHAPTER 14 LESSONS FROM THE PAST, LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE

357

(17)

Introduction

358

(1)

How Successful Are We?

358

(1)

Humans and the Impact of Culture

359

(4)

The Loss of Biodiversity

363

(3)

Could the Human Species Become Extinct?

366

(1)

The Present Crisis: Our Cultural Heritage?

367

(5)

Overpopulation

367

(3)

The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

370

(1)

Looking for Solutions

371

(1)

Summary

372

(1)

Questions for Review

372

(1)

Suggested Further Readings

373

(1)

Multimedia Resources

373

(1)

Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy

374

(8)

Appendix B: Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa

382

(5)

Appendix C: Population Genetics

387

(3)

Appendix D: Sexing and Aging the Skeleton

390

(6)

Glossary

396

(9)

Bibliography

405

(10)

Photo Credits

415

(2)

Index

417

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Essentials of Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials