Essentials of Sociology (with InfoTrac)

, by Brinkerhoff, David B.; White, Lynn K.; Ortega, Suzanne T.; Weitz, Rose

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780534626761 | 0534626769
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/19/2004

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1. The Study of Society. 2. Culture. 3. Socialization. 4. Social Structure and Social Interaction. 5. Groups, Networks, and Organizations. 6. Deviance, Crime and Social Control. 7. Stratification. 8. Global Inequality and Globalization. 9. Racial and Ethnic Inequality. 10. Sex, Gender, and Sexuality. 11. Age Inequality and Health. 12. Family. 13. Education and Religion. 14. Politics and the Economy. 15. Population and Urban Life. 16. Social Movements, Technology, and Social Change. Glossary. References. Author Index. Subject Index. Photo Credits.

The Study of Society

(32)

What Is Sociology?

(2)

The Sociological Imagination

(2)

Sociology as a Social Science

(1)

The Emergence of Sociology

(7)

The Founders: Comte, Spencer, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber

(4)

Sociology in the United States

(2)

Current Perspectives in Sociology

(1)

Structural-Functional Theory

(1)

Concept Summary: Major Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

(6)

Conflict Theory

(1)

Symbolic Interaction Theory

(1)

Interchangeable Lenses

(2)

The Science of Society

(4)

Defining Science

(1)

The Research Process

(4)

Strategies for Gathering Data

(2)

The Experiment

(1)

The Survey

(1)

A Global Perspective: Survey Research in Nigeria

(2)

Participant Observation

(1)

Concept Summary: Research Methods

(2)

Alternative Strategies

(1)

Sociologists: What Do They Do?

(2)

Working in Colleges and Universities

(1)

Working in Government

(1)

Working in Business

(1)

Working in Nonprofit Organizations

(1)

Working to Serve the Public

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

(1)

Summary

(1)

Thinking Critically

(1)

Sociology on the Net

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Culture

(21)

Introduction to Culture

(1)

Theoretical Perspectives on Culture

(1)

Bases of Human Behavior: Culture and Biology

(3)

Cultural Perspective

(2)

Biological Perspective

(1)

The Carriers of Culture

(4)

Language

(2)

Values

(1)

Norms

(2)

American Diversity: How Feminists Research Culture

(1)

Social Control

(1)

Concept Summary: Values, Norms, and Laws

(1)

Cultural Diversity and Change

(2)

Subcultures and Countercultures

(2)

Acculturation or Multiculturalism?

(1)

Sources of Cultural Diversity and Change

(3)

Environment

(1)

Isolation

(1)

Cultural Diffusion

(1)

Technology

(1)

Dominant Cultural Themes

(1)

A Case Study: American Consumer Culture

(1)

Consequences of Cultural Diversity and Change

(1)

Culture Shock

(1)

Cultural Lag

(1)

Uses of Culture

(1)

Symbolic Boundaries

(1)

Collective Memory

(1)

Technology: Models, Magazines, and Self-Esteem

(1)

Mass Media and Audiences

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

(1)

Summary

(1)

Thinking Critically

(1)

Sociology on the Net

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Socialization

(20)

What Is Socialization?

(1)

The Self and Self-Concept

(1)

Learning to Be Human

(2)

The Necessity of Nurture

(1)

Monkeying with Isolation and Deprivation

(1)

Theories of Socialization

(1)

Freudian Theory

(1)

American Diversity: Gender Differences in Mathematics

(2)

Piaget and Cognitive Development

(2)

Symbolic Interaction Theory

(1)

Concept Summary: The Two Schools of Symbolic Interaction

(3)

Socialization Through the Life Course

(2)

Childhood

(1)

Adolescence

(1)

Adulthood

(1)

Age 65 and Beyond

(1)

Resocialization

(2)

Total Institutions

(1)

A Case Study: Prison Boot Camps and Resocialization

(1)

Agents of Socialization

(4)

Family

(1)

Schools

(1)

Peers

(1)

Mass Media

(1)

Religion

(1)

Workplace

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

(1)

Summary

(1)

Thinking Critically

(1)

Sociology on the Net

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Social Structure and Social Interaction

(25)

Intertwining Forces: Social Structure and Social Interaction

(1)

Social Structures

(4)

Status

(2)

Roles

(1)

Institutions

(2)

Types of Societies

(2)

Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Societies

(1)

Horticultural Societies

(1)

Agricultural Societies

(1)

Industrial Societies

(1)

A Case Study: When Institutions Die

(4)

A Broken Society

(1)

Ojibwa Society Before 1963

(1)

The Change

(1)

The Future of the Ojibwa

(1)

A Sociological Response

(1)

Social Interaction and Everyday Life

(5)

Assumptions about Everyday Life

(1)

Managing Everyday Life

(1)

Dramaturgy

(1)

Whose Definition? The Ex-Wife at the Funeral

(1)

Identity Work

(2)

Avoiding Blame

(2)

A Global Perspective: Identity Work Among Australian Aborigines

(2)

Gaining Credit

(1)

A Case Study: Identity Work Among the Homeless

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

(1)

Summary

(1)

Thinking Critically

(1)

Sociology on the Net

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Intersections: Culture, Social Structure, and Everyday Life

(2)

Groups, Networks, and Organizations

(24)

Human Relationships

100

(1)

Social Processes

100

(2)

Exchange

100

(1)

Cooperation

101

(1)

Competition

101

(1)

Conflict

102

(1)

Social Processes in Everyday Life

102

(1)

Groups

102

(6)

How Groups Affect Individuals

103

(1)

Interaction in Small Groups

104

(2)

Decision Making in Small Groups

106

(1)

Types of Groups

107

(1)

Concept Summary: Differences Between Primary and Secondary Groups

108

(2)

Social Networks

110

(2)

Strong and Weak Ties

110

(2)

A Global Perspective: Finding Jobs, Changing Jobs in Singapore and China

112

(4)

Voluntary Associations

112

(3)

Community

115

(1)

Complex Organizations

116

(4)

Classic Bureaucracies

116

(3)

Japanese Bureaucracies

119

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

120

(1)

Summary

121

(1)

Thinking Critically

121

(1)

Sociology on the Net

122

(1)

Suggested Readings

122

(1)

Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

123

(28)

Conformity and Deviance

124

(1)

Understanding Conformity

124

(1)

Defining Deviance

125

(1)

Sociological Theories About Deviance

125

(1)

Structural-Functional Theories

125

(1)

Concept Summary: Theories of Deviance

126

(1)

Concept Summary: Merton's Types of Deviance

127

(5)

Conflict Theory

128

(1)

Symbolic Interaction Theories

129

(3)

Crime

132

(2)

Major Crimes Involving Violence or Property

132

(1)

Victimless Crimes

133

(1)

The Environment: Crimes Against the Environment

134

(6)

White-Collar Crimes

135

(1)

Correlates of Crime: Age, Sex, Class, and Race

136

(4)

Mental Illness

140

(1)

Defining Mental Illness: Labeling and the Medical Model

140

(1)

Correlates of Mental Illness

140

(1)

The Sociology of Law

141

(2)

Theories of Law

142

(1)

What Is Justice?

142

(1)

Why Punish?

143

(1)

The Criminal Justice System

143

(1)

The Police

143

(1)

Technology: Does It Take A Rocket Scientist to Do Police Work?

144

(3)

The Courts

144

(1)

Prisons

145

(2)

American Diversity: Is Capital Punishment Racist?

147

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

148

(1)

Summary

148

(1)

Thinking Critically

149

(1)

Sociology on the Net

149

(1)

Suggested Readings

150

(1)

Stratification

151

(30)

Structures of Inequality

152

(3)

Types of Stratification Structures

152

(1)

Classes---How Many?

153

(2)

Inequality in the United States

155

(5)

Measuring Social Class

155

(1)

Economic Inequality

156

(2)

The Consequences of Social Class

158

(2)

Explanations of Inequality

160

(3)

Structural-Functional Theory

160

(1)

The Conflict Perspective

161

(2)

Concept Summary: A Comparison of Two Models of Stratification

163

(1)

Symbolic Interaction Theory

163

(1)

The Determinants of Social-Class Position

164

(3)

Microstructure: Status Attainment

164

(1)

Macrostructure: The Labor Market

165

(2)

The American Dream: Ideology and Reality

167

(1)

Social Class and Social Life

167

(8)

The Upper Class

168

(1)

The Middle Class

169

(1)

The Working Class

170

(1)

The Poor

170

(5)

Social Class and Public Policy: Fighting Poverty

175

(1)

American Diversity: Subsidies, Incentives, and Welfare: Who Benefits?

176

(2)

Income Redistribution

176

(1)

Outlawing Discrimination

177

(1)

Increasing Educational Opportunities

177

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

178

(1)

Summary

178

(1)

Thinking Critically

179

(1)

Sociology on the Net

179

(1)

Suggested Readings

179

(2)

Global Inequality and Globalization

181

(27)

Inequality and Development

182

(3)

Three Worlds: Most- to Least-Developed Countries

182

(3)

A Global Perspective: Women and Development

185

(3)

Structural-Functional Analysis: Modernization Theory

186

(1)

Conflict Analysis: World-Systems Theory

187

(1)

Economic Development and the Environment

188

(2)

The Threat to the Environment

188

(1)

The Need for Sustainable Development

189

(1)

Technology: Information Technology and the Global Culture

190

(2)

A Case Study: Economic Development and the Environment in Eastern Europe

191

(1)

Forms and Consequences of Economic Dependence

192

(2)

The Forms of Economic Dependence

192

(1)

The Consequences of Economic Dependence

193

(1)

Competition, Change, and International Relationships

194

(5)

Challenges to the Status Quo

194

(1)

The Developed World's Response

195

(1)

Haiti: A Case Study

196

(3)

Globalization

199

(4)

The Sources of Globalization

199

(1)

Cultural Impact

199

(1)

Economic Impact

200

(1)

Political Impact

201

(1)

World Opinion

201

(1)

A Case Study: Globalization, Global Inequality, and 9/11

201

(2)

Where This Leaves Us

203

(1)

Summary

203

(1)

Thinking Critically

204

(1)

Sociology on the Net

204

(1)

Suggested Readings

205

(1)

Intersections: Are Economic Development and Traditional Cultural Values Incompatible?

206

(2)

Racial and Ethnic Inequality

208

(24)

Race and Ethnicity

209

(1)

A Framework for Studying Racial and Ethnic Inequality

209

(3)

The Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity

209

(1)

The Semi-Caste Model

210

(1)

Majority and Minority Groups

211

(1)

The Maintenance of Inequality: Basic Processes

212

(4)

Prejudice

212

(2)

Discrimination

214

(1)

Segregation

215

(1)

Race and Ethnic Inequalities in the United States

216

(8)

White Ethnic Groups

216

(1)

African Americans

217

(2)

Hispanic Americans

219

(2)

Asian Americans

221

(1)

Native Americans

222

(1)

Arab Americans

223

(1)

The Future of Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States

224

(1)

The Persistence of Inequality

224

(1)

The Environment: Environmental Racism

225

(1)

Combating Inequality: Race versus Class

226

(1)

Ethnic Relations in Comparative Perspectives

226

(2)

A Case Study: Bosnia

227

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

228

(1)

Summary

229

(1)

Thinking Critically

230

(1)

Sociology on the Net

230

(1)

Suggested Readings

231

(1)

Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

232

(24)

Sexual Differentiation

233

(2)

Sex versus Gender

233

(1)

Gender Roles Across Cultures

233

(2)

Perspectives on Gender Inequality

235

(1)

Structural-Functional Theory: Division of Labor

235

(1)

Conflict Theory: Segmented Labor Markets and Sexism

235

(1)

The Environment: Ecofeminism

236

(3)

Symbolic Interactionism: Gender Inequality in Everyday Life

238

(1)

Gender as Social Construction and Social Structure

239

(2)

Developing Gendered Identities

239

(1)

Reinforcing Biological Differences

239

(1)

``Doing Gender''

240

(1)

Gender as Social Structure

240

(1)

Differences in Life Chances by Sex

241

(5)

Health

241

(1)

Education

241

(2)

Work and Income

243

(3)

Technology: How Is Technology an Equity Issue?

246

(1)

Gender and Power

247

(3)

Unequal Power in Social Institutions

248

(1)

Unequal Power in Interaction

248

(1)

A Case Study: Sexual Harassment

248

(1)

Fighting Back: The Feminist Movement

249

(1)

The Sociology of Sexuality

250

(3)

Premarital Sexuality

250

(1)

Marital Sexuality

251

(1)

Sexual Minorities

251

(2)

Where This Leaves Us

253

(1)

Summary

253

(1)

Thinking Critically

254

(1)

Sociology on the Net

254

(1)

Suggested Readings

255

(1)

Age and Health Inequalities

256

(28)

The Structures of Aging and Health Care

257

(1)

Age Differentiation and Inequality

257

(2)

The Status of Young People

257

(2)

American Diversity: The ``Graying'' and ``Browning'' of America

259

(5)

The Status of People 65 and over

259

(3)

Youth versus Age: The Battle over the Public Purse

262

(2)

Explanations for Age Stratification

264

(1)

Structural-Functional Perspective

264

(1)

Concept Summary: A Comparison of Three Explanations of Age Stratification

264

(3)

Conflict Perspective

265

(1)

Modernization Theory of Aging

265

(1)

Symbolic Interactionist Theory

266

(1)

Evaluating the Theories

266

(1)

Health and Health Care

267

(4)

Social Epidemiology

268

(1)

A Case Study: Declining Life Expectancy in Eastern Europe

269

(2)

The U.S. Health-Care System

271

(7)

Physicians

271

(2)

Nurses

273

(1)

The High Cost of Medical Care: Who Pays?

274

(4)

Technology: Technology and the Meaning of Life

278

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

279

(1)

Summary

280

(1)

Thinking Critically

280

(1)

Sociology on the Net

281

(1)

Suggested Readings

281

(1)

Intersections: Cross-Cutting Statuses: Race, Sex, and Age

282

(2)

Family

284

(26)

Marriage and Family: Basic Institutions of Society

285

(2)

Universal Aspects

285

(1)

Cross-Cultural Variations

286

(1)

The U. S. Family over the Life Course

287

(7)

Childhood

288

(1)

Adolescence

289

(1)

The Transition to Adulthood

289

(1)

Early Adulthood: Dating and Mate Selection

290

(2)

Middle Age

292

(1)

Age 65 and Beyond

293

(1)

Roles and Relationships in Marriage

294

(2)

Gender Roles in Marriage

294

(1)

The Parental Role: A Leap of Faith

294

(1)

Marital Happiness

295

(1)

Technology: Kinkeeping, Gender Roles, and The Internet

296

(1)

Contemporary Family Choices

296

(3)

Marriage or Cohabitation

297

(1)

Having Children. . . or Not

297

(2)

American Diversity: Is the Gay Family a Contradiction in Terms?

299

(2)

Work versus Family

300

(1)

Problems in the American Family

301

(6)

Violence

301

(1)

Divorce

302

(3)

How Serious Are These Problems?

305

(2)

Where This Leaves Us

307

(1)

Summary

307

(1)

Thinking Critically

308

(1)

Sociology on the Net

308

(1)

Suggested Readings

309

(1)

Education and Religion

310

(31)

Educational and Religious Institutions

311

(1)

The Sociological Study of Education: Theoretical Views

311

(3)

Structural-Functional Theory: Functions of Education

311

(1)

Conflict Theory: Education and the Perpetuation of Inequality

312

(2)

Education, Symbolic Interactionism, and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

314

(2)

Interactions with Teachers

314

(1)

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

315

(1)

Current Controversies in American Education

316

(2)

Tracking

316

(1)

High-Stakes Testing

317

(1)

American Diversity: What Do IQ Tests Measure?

318

(3)

School Choice

318

(3)

College: Who Goes and What Does It Do for Them?

321

(2)

Who Goes?

321

(1)

The Bottom Line---What Will College Do for Me?

322

(1)

The Sociological Study of Religion: Theoretical Views

323

(4)

What Is Religion?

323

(1)

Why Religion?

324

(1)

Durkheim: Structural-Functional Theory of Religion

325

(1)

Conflict Theory: Marx and Beyond

326

(1)

Weber: Religion as an Independent Force

326

(1)

Tension between Religion and Society

327

(2)

Concept Summary: Distinctions Between Churches and Sects

329

(4)

Churchlike Religions

329

(1)

Sectlike Religions

330

(1)

A Case Study: Islam

331

(2)

Religion in the United States

333

(5)

U.S. Civil Religion

333

(2)

Trends and Differentials in Religiosity

335

(1)

Consequences of Religiosity

336

(1)

The Religious Right

337

(1)

Technology: The Electronic Church

338

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

338

(1)

Summary

339

(1)

Thinking Critically

339

(1)

Sociology on the Net

340

(1)

Suggested Readings

340

(1)

Politics and the Economy

341

(33)

Political and Economic Institutions

342

(1)

Power and Political Institutions

342

(2)

Coercion

342

(1)

Authority

342

(2)

Concept Summary: Power

344

(1)

Political Institutions

344

(1)

Power and the State

344

(3)

Jurisdiction

344

(1)

State Coercion

345

(1)

Authoritarian Systems

345

(1)

Democracies

346

(1)

Who Governs? Models of U.S. Democracy

347

(1)

Structural-Functional Theory: The Pluralist Model

347

(1)

Concept Summary: Comparison of Three Models of American Political Power

347

(2)

Conflict Theory: The Power-Elite Model

348

(1)

A Third Perspective: The State Autonomy Model

349

(1)

Individual Participation in U.S. Government

349

(4)

Who Votes?

349

(2)

Which Party?

351

(1)

Why So Few Voters?

352

(1)

A Case Study: Felon Disenfranchisement

352

(1)

Modern Economic Systems

353

(1)

Capitalism

353

(1)

A Global Perspective: Democratic Socialism in Sweden

354

(2)

Socialism

354

(1)

The Political Economy

355

(1)

Mixed Economies

356

(1)

The U.S. Economic System

356

(5)

The Postindustrial Economy

356

(1)

The Dual Economy

357

(3)

The Segmented Labor Market

360

(1)

Work in the United States

361

(6)

Occupations

361

(3)

The Meaning of Work

364

(1)

Technology and the Future of Work

365

(1)

Globalization and the Future of Work

366

(1)

Technology: The Luddites: Down With Machines

367

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

368

(1)

Summary

369

(1)

Thinking Critically

370

(1)

Sociology on the Net

370

(1)

Suggested Readings

371

(1)

Intersections: Politics, Religion, and the Culture War

372

(2)

Population and Urban Life

374

(32)

Populations, Large and Small

375

(1)

Understanding Population Growth

375

(3)

Population in Former Times

376

(1)

The Demographic Transition in the West

377

(1)

The Demographic Transition in the Non-West

378

(1)

Population and Social Structure: Two Examples

378

(4)

Ghana: Is Fertility Too High?

378

(1)

Europe: Is Fertility Too Low?

379

(3)

Population and Social Problems: Two Examples

382

(2)

Environmental Devastation: A Population Problem?

382

(1)

Poverty in the Least-Developed World

383

(1)

A Global Perspective: International Migration

384

(2)

Population in the United States

386

(3)

Fertility

386

(1)

Mortality

386

(1)

Migration

386

(3)

Urbanization

389

(5)

Theories of Urban Growth and Decline

390

(1)

The Nature of Modern Cities

391

(1)

Urbanization in the United States

392

(1)

Urbanization in the Less-Developed World

393

(1)

Place of Residence and Social Relationships

394

(5)

Urban Living

394

(2)

Suburban Living

396

(2)

Small-Town and Rural Living

398

(1)

Where This Leaves Us

399

(1)

Summary

400

(1)

Thinking Critically

401

(1)

Sociology on the Net

401

(1)

Suggested Readings

402

(1)

Intersections: Fertility, Mortality, and Social Structure

403

(3)

Social Movements, Technology, and Social Change

406

(27)

How Societies Change

407

(1)

Social Movements

407

(3)

Theories of Social Movements

409

(1)

Concept Summary: Theories of Social Movements

410

(6)

How Do Social Movements Operate?

411

(3)

Factors Associated with Movement Success

414

(1)

The Role of the Mass Media

415

(1)

The Environment: Lynx, Minks, and Suburbia: How the Environmental Movement Works

416

(5)

Countermovements

417

(2)

A Case Study: The Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

419

(2)

Technology

421

(4)

Two Theories of Technologically Induced Social Change

421

(1)

The Costs and Benefits of New Technologies

422

(3)

Technology: Biotechnology's Power, Promise, and Peril

425

(4)

Where This Leaves Us

429

(1)

Summary

430

(1)

Thinking Critically

431

(1)

Sociology on the Net

431

(1)

Suggested Readings

432

(1)

Glossary

433

(7)

References

440

(23)

Photo Credits

463

(1)

Author Index

464

(16)

Subject Index

480

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Essentials of Sociology (with InfoTrac)

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Table of Contents

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