Ethics

An introduction to the standard material of ethics.

Preface

xv

Morality and Moral Philosophy

1

(11)

An Example of Ethical Thinking (Socrates)

2

(2)

The Nature of Ethics or Moral Philosophy

4

(1)

The Nature of Morality

5

(4)

Factors in Morality

9

(1)

Kinds of Normative Judgment

9

(2)

Program for Rest of Book

11

(1)

Egoistic and Deontological Theories

12

(22)

The Primary Question

12

(1)

Importance of Factual Knowledge and Conceptual Clarity

13

(1)

Prevailing Rules as a Standard

13

(1)

Teleological Theories

14

(2)

Deontological Theories

16

(1)

Ethical Egoism

17

(3)

Psychological Egoism

20

(3)

Act-deontological Theories

23

(2)

Rule-deontological Theories

25

(3)

The Divine Command Theory

28

(2)

Kant's Theory

30

(4)

Utilitarianism, Justice, and Love

34

(27)

Utilitarianism

34

(1)

Act-utilitarianism

35

(2)

General Utilitarianism

37

(2)

Rule-utilitarianism

39

(4)

My Proposed Theory of Obligation

43

(2)

The Principle of Beneficence

45

(3)

The Principle of Justice: Equality

48

(4)

Summary of My Theory of Obligation

52

(1)

The Problem of Conflict

52

(1)

A Problem of Application

53

(1)

Duties to Self

54

(1)

Are Any Rules Absolute?

55

(1)

The Ethics of Love

56

(3)

Further Problems

59

(2)

Moral Value and Responsibility

61

(18)

Moral and Nonmoral Senses of ``Good,''

62

(1)

Morality and Cultivation of Traits

62

(1)

Ethics of Virtue

63

(2)

On Being and Doing: Morality of Traits vs. Morality of Principles

65

(2)

Moral Ideals

67

(1)

Dispositions to Be Cultivated

68

(2)

Two Questions

70

(1)

Moral Responsibility

71

(2)

Free Will and Responsibility

73

(6)

Intrinsic Value and the Good Life

79

(16)

Preliminary Remarks

79

(1)

``Good'' and Its Senses

80

(3)

Theories about What Is Good as an End: Hedonism and Non-hedonism

83

(2)

The First Line of Debate

85

(2)

The Second Line of Debate

87

(2)

Some Conclusions

89

(3)

The Good Life

92

(3)

Meaning and Justification

95

(22)

Meta-ethics and Its Questions

95

(1)

Theories of Justification

96

(1)

Definist Theories, Naturalistic and Metaphysical

97

(5)

Intuitionism

102

(3)

Noncognitive or Nondescriptivist Theories

105

(2)

Approach to an Adequate Theory

107

(2)

Relativism

109

(1)

A Theory of Justification

110

(3)

The Moral Point of View

113

(1)

Why Be Moral?

114

(3)

For Future Reading

117

(4)

Index

121

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Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials